virtually all geologist accept that the age of the Earth is approximately ____ years.
4.6 billion
the correct order of the major units forming the Earth, from the center outward, include
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
(T/F)Catastrophism, the belief that Earth's landscapes have been shaped primarily by great catastrophes like the great flood, is the most widely accepted philosophy in geology
false
which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition
any sedimentary deposit accumulates on top of older rock or sediment layers
the ____ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics
Lithosphere
The rock cycle
describes how rocks are formed and recycled by melting, erosion, and pressure
the lithosphere includes
all fo the crust and the uppermost mantle
the ____ is the thinnest layer of the earth
crust
the San Andreas Fault in California is a good example of a _____ plate boundary
transform
which of the following would not be expected to occur near at a converging plate boundary?
creation of oceanic lithosphere
______ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma
igneous
(T/F) earth's mantle is a shell of molten metal surrounding a rocky core
false
(T/F) Protons, neutrons and electrons comprise the nucleus of an atoms
false
what occurs in an atom to produce and ion
the atom agains or loses and electron
the fundamental "building block" of most rock-forming minerals in the crust is
(Si04)
linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as
normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____
protons in the nucleus
(T/F) graphite and diamond have the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures
true
the group of minerals called the micas (muscovite) always breaks preferentially along the one plane of cleavage- why?
chemical bonds between the constituent atoms are the weakest in the plane
which group or family of minerals is the most abundant in Earth's crust
silicates
which of the following best defines a mineral
a naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition
which of the following is not true for minerals
they can be a solid, liquid or a gas
in which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms
covalent
lava is a magma that has
been extruded onto the earth's surface
which of the following is not true concerning an porphyritic igneous rock that is composed of large feldspar crystals embedded in a very fine-grained matrix (groundmass)
the rock texture records a long history of steady cooling and magma crystallization
(T/F) once a mass of magma is created, the composition of the melt cannot be changed.
false
what is the difference in chemical composition between granite and rhyolite
none
_____ is a felsic igneous rock characterized by extremely large crystals
pegmatite
____ is the dominant rock type being erupted as lava flows at the oceanic ridges, the locations where new oceanic crust is being created
basalt
how can hot yet solid mantle rocks at depth be caused to melt and create magma
reduce the confining pressure on the hot rocks
which of the following igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture
a rhyolitic tuff
Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grown during the crystallization of magma
false
the most abundant volatile present in most magma is _____
water
rocks formed from the most viscous lava to the least viscous lava, the correct order is
rhyolite, andesite, basalt
which type of basaltic lava flow is characterized by a ropy surface texture
pahoehoe
what type of volcanic material would you expect to find erupted at the crest of an oceanic ridge system
Basalt and pillow lavas
which of the following mineral crystalizes early in Bowen's reaction series
Olivine
Volcanic bombs originate
as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground
____ is a classic example of a shield volcano
mauna Loa, Hawaii
which of the following is the most dangerous type of volcanic activity
pyroclastic flows
the largest masses of igneous intrusive rocks exposed at Earth's surface are ______ composed of granite
plutons and batholiths
which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spot?
the volcanoes of Hawaii and the recent activity in yellowstone national Park
the Hawaiian volcanoes are formed above ______
a mantle "hot spot" located within the interior of the large Pacific plate
(T/F) Feldspars tends to weather quickly into aluminum-rich clay minerals
true
which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms
selectron
which factors is not important in determining the violence of volcanic eruptions
oxide content
an _____ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization
phaneritic
which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding
atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges
the ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ____
4 oxygen ions
which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive
eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes
which of the following is not a volcanic hazard
granitic intrusion
_____ has the same mineral composition as rhyolite
granite
which of the following statements is not true
when magma reaches the surface, its dissolved gas content increases