have membrane closed organelles and histone proteins wrapped by DNA to form nucleosomes
-cytoskeleton to give the cell structure and transport material
Eukaryotes
protein and lipid modification is executed by the ER and golgi
-mitochondria generate energy
Eukaryotes
used by eukaryotes and prokaryotes for motility but they differ in structure and functionality between the two groups
flagella
use cell membrane and cytoplasmic reticulum for energy generation and ATP production
prokaryotes
do not have subcellular compartments or membrane-enclosed organelles (nuclei, mitochondria, ER, or golgi)
prokaryotes
DNA in this cell is bound by simple proteins called nucleoid-associated proteins
**when these bind with DNA they form nucleoids
prokaryotes
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have this to maintain rigidity and help maintain water balance
cell wall
is the science of classifying and arranging related organisms into logical categories
-Processes include: characterizing, identifying, organizing, and naming organisms into groups, in a scientific manner
taxonomy
Gives Scientific Names to Organisms
nomenclature
each organism is given 2 names ________ and _________, this makes up the _________ system
genus and species
binomial
Levels of Taxonomy
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (subspecies- strains)
has an unique set of genetic/behavioral/phenotypic characteristics, that serves as taxonomic and diagnostic targets
-includes a few species that carry the characteristics (stated above). Yet, minor differences between various species are the reason why th
genus
most basic taxonomic group
-Some may have a few strains with minor differences between various strains.
****For example: Normal flora E. coli vs O157 E. coli are two different strains, but in same _______ and genus
species
rules of binomial nomenclature
1. Genus Species
(both should be either underlined of italicized)
2. Genus name can either be fully written and capitalized or first letter Capitalized
3. species name always needs to be fully spelled and not capitalized
Within the established infection site, prokaryotes (such as bacteria) form a community in which the organisms communicate and network among each other.
biofilms
commonly seen in the "mixed" infections occurred to catheters or IV shunts or gingivitis or bacterial vaginosis infections.
-Pili and capsules are the common bacterial structures seen in these
biofilms
Grouping of "same" cells also form a biofilm in which cell network continues to occur
-Communication between the same species of bacterial cells can lead to single agent infection (such as lung infection by tuberculosis).
single species biofilm