subsistence farming
farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced
triangular trade
The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many s
middle passage
the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
cash crop
farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family
backcountry
a region of hills and forests west of the Tidewater, a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains.
overseer
bosses to keep the slaves working hard
mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
export
to move goods out of an area
import
to bring goods into an area
smuggling
act of illegally importing or exporting goods
charter colony
a colony established by a group of people who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle
proprietary colony
English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment
royal colony
a colony under direct control of the king
Iroquois Confederacy
a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
militia
civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army, a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies
How was farming different in the New England colonies compared to the Southern Colonies?
New England farmers practiced subsistence (grew grain and trees - forestry) farming while the Southern colonies were known for their larger plantations - grew larger amounts of crops to be sold and traded (South grew tobacco and rice)
How did England view its colonies?
as an economic resource
Why or how did the population increase in the colonies?
women married young and had large families
How was a plantation organized?
they were located in the Tidewater on flat, low-lying plains - often located near rivers to ease the process of shipping, each one was a self-contained community with fields stretching out around a cluster of buildings
Who was in charge of the plantation (power of plantation owners)?
the planter's or plantation owner's wife supervised the main house and the household servants while the plantation owner controlled everything on the plantation - the owners outnumbered the independent farmers in the south and had greater wealth and more
Glorious Revolution
This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed, A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by hi
King James II
King Charles' successor (took over after Charles) king during early colonization; overthrown by William of Orange in the "Glorious Revolutuion" of 1688
Great Awakening
a powerful religious movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Royal Colony
A colony under the direct control of a monarch; controlled directly by the English crown
Proprietary Colony
English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment
Charter Colony
a colony established by a group of people who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle
What conflict took place between Britain and France between 1689 and 1763 (also known as the British-French Rivalry?
as two of the strongest powers in Europe, these 2 countries fought over control of North America as the competed for wealth - Native Americans sided with the French while colonists sided with England or the British
How were native Americans involved in the British-French Rivalry?
the French had many Native American allies mainly due to relationships forged or made while trading for furs - the French did not take over Native American land - traders often married Native American women and followed their customs; due to these circums
What was the Iroquois Confederacy and what role did it play in British-French relations?
the most powerful group of Native Americans in the east - when it was first formed it consisted of 5 tribes - Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and the Oneida - they managed to remain independent by trading with both the British and the French; they skill
What involvement did General George Washington have at Fort Necessity?
when Genearl Washington saw that the French were building Fort Duquesne, he established a small for nearby - Washington's soldiers were surrounded and forced to surrender, but later they were released; inspite of Washington's defeat, the colonists thought
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown - the people - colonists did not like the plan as they did not want to give up t
Who was General Edward Braddock?
Commander Chief of British and forces in America who led 1500 to Fort Duquesne, but they were ambushed by the French and the Native Americans while passing through the Ohio River valley. When the ambush occurred he was shot in the lung and four days later
What was the religious impact of the French and Indian war?
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Describe the Battle at Fort Duquesne.
in 1754 General Edward Braddock was appointed as commander in chief of the British forces; he led 1,400 bright red-coated British soldiers and smaller number of blue coated colonial militia to hike through dense forest to the fort. Though Washington tried
Who was William Pitt?
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
Describe the Battle of Quebec.
Patriots tried to advance and capture Quebec, but were quickly turned back by the British. Americans suffered almost half of their troops killed, wounded, or captured.
What was the Treaty of Paris?
it ended the Seven Years War.
Describe Pontiac's War.
war that occured when Pontiac led an attack on British troops at Fort Detroit
Proclamation of 1763
issued by King goege III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. organize Britain's vast new North American empire, and to stabilize relations with North Ameri