Red Stick War (1813-1814)
A Creek Indian civil war between the Red Stick and White Stick factions of the tribe. The Red Sticks wanted to resist white encroachment and return to their traditional society. The U.S. Army, the Tennessee and Georgia militia, and other Native American t
White Sticks
Creek Indians during the Red Stick War who were loyal to the United States.
Battle of Horse Shoe Bend (March, 27, 1814)
Battle between the U.S. and its Indian allies against the Red Creek Creeks; last battle of the Creek War
William McIntosh (1778-1825)
Creek chief who illegally signed the Second Treaty of Indian Springs; was murdered by his tribesmen for this action.
Treaty of Indian Springs
An 1821 treaty signed by the Creek Indians and the United States that forced the Creek Nation to cede (give up) all of its lands east of the Flint River in Georgia.
Second Treaty of Indian Springs
An 1825 Treaty signed by William McIntosh that gave the remainder of Creek land to Georgia; McIntosh was killed by his tribe for this act.
Cherokee Indians
Native American tribe that lived in northwestern Georgia; forcefully removed from the state in the early 1830's.
Dahlonega
Site of America's first gold rush in 1828; discovery of gold in the area was a factor in the Cherokee removal.
Federal Road
A road that ran through Cherokee territory which connected eastern and western Georgia.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Act signed into law by Andrew Jackson that required the removal of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole to Indian Territory.
Andrew Jackson
Seventh president of the United States who was an advocate (supporter) of Indian Removal.
John Ross
Principal Chief of the Cherokee Indians who tried to use legal means to fight against removal, taking the case all the way to the Supreme Court.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Landmark Supreme Court case which declared that the Cherokee were sovereign and not subject to the laws of the United States. However, Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Court's decision and the Cherokee were later removed from Georgia.
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme court who ruled in favor of the Cherokee in the Worcester vs. Georgia case; President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court's ruling.
Nullification Crisis
A national emergency in 1832 when South Carolina attempted to make null and void the National Tariff of 1832. As tensions increased South Carolina threatened secession and Andrew Jackson threaten to send troops. It is believed that he supported Indian Rem
Treaty of New Echota (1835)
A treaty between the U.S. Government and a minority representation of the Cherokee tribe that ceded all Cherokee land in the Southeast to the United States and allowed for their move to Indian territory (Oklahoma); three of the Cherokee signers of the tre
Trail of Tears
Final removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia in 1838; over 4,000 people died on the forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma.
Assimilation
Adopting the traits of another culture. Cherokee Indians did their best to adopt the ways of white society, but it was not enough to prevent their removal.