cryptorchidism
one or both of the testes fail to defend into the normal position in the scrotum
cryptorchidism may be due to
short spermatic cord, small inguinal ring, hormonal abnormalities
cryptorchidism affects
3-4% of full term new borns
cryptorchidism is the most
common birth defect of the male genital
cryptorchidism can cause
reduced fertility, increased risk of testicular cancer 4-10X
treatment for cryptorchidism
surgery before age 2 orchiopexy
Varicocele
enlargement of the veins in the scrotum, a bag of worms appearance
varicocele affects
15-120% of men (90% on the left side)
varicocele may cause
low sperm production/ decrease in sperm quality
varicolcele is caused by
nutcracker syndrome, valve failure/ absence in testicular vein, angle variations of testicular veins/ gravity
treatment for varicolece
left renal vein bypass
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord due to rotation of the testis causing reduced blood flow
testicular torsion is most common
between ages 12-18
tersticular torsion can be caused
inherited trait can allow free rotations of testis inside of scrotum, bell clapper deformity
testicular torsion symptoms
sudden severe pain on one side of the scrotum, N
how long do you have to treat testicular torsion and what is the treatment
within 6 hours or necrosis, orchiopexy to attach testicle to inside of scrotum
testicular cancer happens in
50% of cases (15-35 y/o age group)
testicular cancer is most commonly
a seminoma (germ cell tumor)
testicular cancer symptoms
lump/swelling in testicle, precocious puberty ( androgen secretion), breast growth or soreness (estrogen secretion)
treatment for testicular cancer
radical orchiectomy
survival rate for testicular cancer
99% 5 year survival rate if cancer is localized to the testicle
what increases risk of testicular cancer
heavy cannabis use (>50X in a lifetime) increases risk 2.5X
who gets prostate cancer
99% of cases are men over 50 years old (most common are >60)
prostate cancer is the
most common non skin cancer among men and most are slow growing
prostate cancer symptoms
urinary frequency, dysuria, LBP, painful ejaculation, pelvic pain
how do you diagnose prostate cancer
DRE, biopsy is definitive
treatment for prostate cancer
radiation, chemotherapy, prostatectomy
survival rate for prostate cancer
100% 5 yr survival rate if CA is localized to the prostate, 98% 10 yr survival rate
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
Benign prostatic enlargement, hyperplasia of prostatic tissue with formation of nodules surrounding the urethra
who gets BPH
50% men 65 older and 90% men 80 older
symptoms for BPH
hesitancy, dribbling, frequency, nocturia, recurrent UTIs
treatment for BPH
TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
what is the pain due to in in dysmennorrhea
release of prostaglandin (causes strong uterine muscle contractions and ischemia)
dysmenorrhea may be
primary: develops when ovulation commences
secondary: endometriosis, PID, tumors
amenorrhea
absence of mentruation
amenorrhea may be
primary: menarche has never occurred
secondary: tumors, stress, sudden weightloss, eating disorders, competitive sports
menorrhagia
- increased amount and duration of flow
metrorrhagia
bleeding between cycles
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding that occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal
polymenorrhea
short cycles <3 weeks
oligomenorrhea
long cycles of >6
menopause
permanent cessation of menstrual periods aka climacteric
premenstrual syndrome begins
a week or so before the onset of menses and ends with onset of menses
symptoms for PMS
breasts tenderness, weight gain, bloating, irritability, emotional lability, sleep disturbances, depression, HA, and fatigue
premenstrual dysphoric syndrome
more sever form of pms
candida vaginitis (yeast infection) is caused by
Candida albicans (normal flora)
risk factors for candida vaginitis
diabetic patients, antibiotic use, immunocompromised patients
appearance of candida albicans
white cottage cheese appearing discharge, burning, itching, swelling, dyspareunia
Candida albicans treatment
anti fungal medications
ovarian cyst
fluid filled sac within the ovary
ovarian cyst is usually
follicular in nature
how long does an ovarian cyst last
8-12 weeks
ovarian cyst symptoms
may be asymptomatic, pelvic pain or pressure, dyspareunia, bloating
ovarian cyst treatment
may require surgical removal if large it increasing risk of ovarian torsion
endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus- usually ovaries, fallopian tubes although can affect the colon and lungs
what forms with endometriosis
chocolate cysts
cause for endrometiosis
unknown most widely theory is retrograde menstruation
primary manifestation for endometriosis
dysmenorrhea
diagnosis of endometriosis
laparoscopy
Treatment for endometriosis
menopause, pain medication
ovarian cancer death rank
ranks 5th in cancer deaths among women
ovarian cancer deaths
causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system
ovarian cancer risk factors
obesity, aging, having children later in life or never being pregnant, estrogen therapy
ovarian cancer symptoms
abnormal vaginal bleeding , pelvic pain
ovarian cancer treatment
oopherectomy
survival rate for ovarian cancer
46.5% 5 year survival rate
cervical cancer is and
sti according to CDC because almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV and HSV2
cervical cancer risk factors
smoking, multiple sexual partners, history of STI
Prevention of cervical cancer
HPV vaccine- Gardasil
symptoms of cervical cancer
abnormal vaginal bleeding
Tx for cervical cancer
radiation/chemotherapy, surgery
survival rate for cervical cancer
5 yr survival rate 67.8%
uterine (endometrial) cancer happens in
most arise in post-menopausal women >40 y/o, can occur at any age
uterine cancer may
grow into endometrial cavity or infiltrate
uterine cancer risk factors
obesity, age >50, having<5 periods per year before starting menopause
symptoms for uterine cancer
post menopausal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure
tx for uterine cancer
radiation/chemotherapy, hysterectomy
survival rate for uterine cancer
80.5% 5 yr survival rate