The ethmoid makes up
the majority of the upper half of the nasal cavities
The nasal septum does what
divides the right and left nasal cavities from each other and is composed primarily of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer and the septal nasal cartilage
The floor and lower half of the walls of the nasal cavity are made primarily by the
maxilla anteriorly and palatine posteriorly. The inferior nasal concha also contributes to the lateral wall of each nasal cavity.
There are four air cavities (paranasal air sinuses) that are connected to the nasal cavity and each is named
based on
on the bone in which it is found.
what are the four air cavities
frontal sinus, ethmoidal cells, maxillary sinus and sphenoid sinus
All of the surfaces of the nasal cavity, including the paranasal sinuses are covered by
respiratory mucosa. The only exception is the area around the cribriform plate which is covered with olfactory mucosa.
What attaches to the crista galli?
falx cerebri
the vomer makes up
the bony nasal septum
what makes up the full nasal septum
the vomer, perpendicular plate and septal cartilage
The curved, medially projecting nasal conchae create
4 spaces within each nasal cavity: sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus and inferior meatus
The paranasal sinuses open into
into the nasal cavity via one of the spaces (meatus or recess) created by the nasal conchae
The nasal cavity has a rich blood supply from three primary sources
branches of the facial, maxillary and ophthalmic arteries
There are rich anastomoses between
between the various branches that supply the nasal cavity, particularly in the anterior region.
Because the vessels in this area are close to the surface, this area is the primary site for nosebleeds - Epistaxis.
The nasal cavities receive sensory innervation from
branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal
The mucosa of the nasal cavity receives parasympathetic innervation
from Facial nerve (CN VII) via branches of CN V2.
paranasal sinuses do what
lighten your head and moisturize and heat incoming air
how many teeth do adults have
In adults there are usually 16 upper teeth and 16 lower teeth unless the wisdom teeth (M3's) do not develop.
The roots of the maxillary (upper) teeth are related to
to the maxillary sinus
roots of the mandibular (lower) teeth are related to the
mandibular canal
The nerves and vessels supplying the teeth pass through
the roots to communicate with the pulp cavity.
The maxillary teeth are innervated by
branches of CN V2 anterior middle and posterior superior alveolar nerves
the mandibular teeth are innervated by
a branch of CN V3. inferior alveolar nerve
The blood supply to the teeth is supplied by
branches of the maxillary artery, anterior and posterior superior alveolar artery and vein, inferior alveolar artery and vein and maxillary artery
ethmoid air cells open
has three openings in the semilunar hiatus, the bulla and the nasal conchae
opening of maxillary sinus
semilunar hiatus
what is the opening of the frontal sinus
semilunar hiatus
opening of the sphenoid sinus
sphenoethmoidal recess
The floor of the oral cavity is formed by
the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles and the tongue.
if you have an infection in an upper tooth, such as a cavity can do what
go into maxillary sinus to the retropharyngeal space and eventually ends up in the heart
describe the teeth
we can see the cap which is covered in enamel and there is dentin the pulp cavity itself.
root canal is performed in
when there is an infection in the pulp cavity
where are tastebuds
on papillae except for the filiform papillae
the tastebuds connect to
chorda tympani and glosspharyngeal
tastebuds on the epiglottis is innervated by
vagus
terminal sulcus is the demarcation of the
anterior and posterior parts of the tongue
special sensory taste of the 2/3 anterior tongue
chorda tymapni CN VII
the general sensory, if you bite your tongue is innervated by
lingual nerve CN V3
the posterior tongue general and special sensory
glosopharyngeal CN IX
palatoglossus does what
elevates tongue, depresses palate
the styloglossus does what
elevates and retracts tongue, such as when you are swallowing
the hypoglossus does what
depresses tongue
the genioglossus does what
protrudes tongue, most clinically important
all the muscles of the tongue are innervated by
CN XII except for palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus
the four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue do what
alter shape of the tongue for movements required for speech, eating and swawllowing and all are innervated by the CN XII
hypoglossal nerve palsy
if there is a hypoglossal disfunction, the tongue deviates towards the affected side when attempting to protrude the tongue
the muscles of the roof of the mouth are all related to the
soft palate, 4 out of 5 are innervated by the Vagus nerve
what are the four main muscles of the roof of the mouth
tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, levator veli palantini, and palatopharyngeus muscle (tensor is innervated by V3)
stick out your tongue and say ah
testing hypoglossal nerve, look for uvula deviation, if it deviates to one side it indicates a palsy of the Vagus on the opposite side of the levator veli palatini muscle
uvula points towards
the good side in the palsy
The oral cavity communicates with the oropharynx at the
Oropharyngeal Isthmus
what are the boundaries of the oral cavity
The boundaries are: the palatoglossal folds (laterally), the soft palate (superiorly) and the sulcus terminalis (inferiorly)
The hard and soft palates receive sensory innervation from
branches of the Maxillary Division of Trigeminal (CN V2).
The gums (gingivae) of the palate are innervated by
by branches of CN V2 and those of the mandible by branches of CN V3.
The submandibular and sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic innervation from
innervation from the Chorda Tympani n.
After hitchhiking on the lingual nerve (CN V3), the preganglionic fibers synapse on the submandibular ganglion
The ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands open up on either side of the
the lingual frenulum
The ducts for the parotid gland open into the
oral vestibule opposite the 2nd upper molar.
The blood supply to the floor of the mouth are
branches of the Lingual artery and vein
The arteries to the palate (and upper and lower teeth) are
branches of the Maxillary artery.
Lymph from the Tongue, Submandibular and Sublingual Glands and the Tonsils drain ultimately to
deep cervical nodes
swollen jugulodiagastric nodes
tongue cancer