Media
Tools for exchanging messages ex: email, texts, Facebook, face to face
Message
The "package" of information that is transported during communication
Forms of communication
Speech and Rhetorical studies, communication studies, mass communication and media studies, telecommunication studies
Speech and Rhetorical studies
how people use words to compel audiences to change or solidify their beliefs, ex: political speeches, audience analysis, argumentation, rhetorical criticism and rhetorical theory
Communication studies
Research of communication within various contexts. ex: interpersonal communication, organizational communication, intercultural communication, family communication, health and risk communication, and social influence
Mass communication and media studies
The history and current state of the media industries, critical analysis of the messages transmitted by media institutions and examination of the relationship between mass and media culture
Telecommunication studies
The development, use, regulation, and impact of radio, television, telephony, the internet and other such technologies. ex: scholars may study population trends in television viewing or challenges raised by the use of online communication
Parts of the linear communication model
Sender, receiver, message, channel, noise
Linear communication model
Communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction from start to end (email, text messaging, non-responsive public speeches) simple and straight forward
Interactive communication model
Process involving senders and receivers, influenced by feedback and fields of experience (classroom instruction, group presentations, weekly team/coworker meetings, public speakers who interpret audience feedback and modify their message as needed) broad
Parts of the interactive communication model
Sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback, and field of experience
Fields of experience
Beliefs, attitudes, and experiences that each person brings to the conversation
Transactional communication model
Fundamentally multi directional, each person influences communication (any encounter (most commonly face-to-face) in which you and others jointly create communication meaning) intuitively what most people think of as interpersonal communication
Parts of the Transactional communication model
Two+ communicators, field of experience, message, channel, noise
Interpersonal communication
Dynamic form of communication between people in which messages influence thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Interpersonal communication requirements
1. it is dynamic 2. it is transactional 3. dyadic 4. creates impact
Dyadic
communication involving only two people
Dynamic
Constantly changing over time
Intrapersonal communication
communication with one person (talking to self or mental conversations)
I-Thou
A way to perceive a relationship based on embracing fundamental similarities that connect you to others, striving to see things from others' point of view and communicating in ways that emphasize honesty and kindness
I-It
A type of perception and communication that occurs when you treat others as though they are objects that are there for your use and exploitation, ex:"I dont have time for your stupid questions figure it out yourself
Impersonal communication
Exchanges with negligible perceived impact on our thought, emotions, behaviors and relationships
Meta- communication
communication about communication, any message verbal or nonverbal, central focus is meaning of communication
Principles of interpersonal communication
conveys content and relationship information, intentional or unintentional, irreversible, dynamic, intertwined with ethics
Goals of interpersonal communication
self presentation goals, instrumental goals, relationship goals
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
(base to top) Physical needs, security needs, social needs, ego needs, self actualization needs
Self presentation goals
desires you have to present yourself in a certain way so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person
Instrumental goals
practical goals you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter
Relationship goals
building, maintaining or terminating bonds with others
Qualitative approach
careful observations identify patters and try to determine principles behind the observations
Quantitative approach
begin with observations and description and then move to development of theory
Sexual orientation
Enduring emotional, romantic, emotional, or affectionate attraction to others that exists along a continuum ranging from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality and includes various forms of bisexuality
Online communication
interaction by means of social networking
Interpersonal communication competence
communicating in appropriate effective and ethical ways
Communication skills
repeatable behaviors that enable you to improve the quality of your interpersonal encounters and relationships
Interpersonal relationships
emotional, mental, and physical involvements you forge with others through communication
Channel
the five sensory dimensions (sound, sight, touch, scent, taste) used to transmit information during communication
Ethics
the principles that guide our behavior toward others. ethical communication consistently displays respect kindness and compassion
Self
evolving composite of 3 components: self awareness, self-concept and self esteem
Self-awareness
the ability to step outside yourself and view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and reflect on your thoughts feelings, and behaviors
Social comparison
observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and then comparing their behavior against ours
self-concept
perception of who your are based on the beliefs, attitudes and values you have about yourself
Beliefs
are convictions that certain things are true
looking-glass self
sociologist charles horton cobley's metaphor for now our self-concepts are strongly influenced by our beliefs about how others see and evaluate us. Ex: young girl who believes others consider her poor in sports formulates an image as uncoordinated even th
Self-fullfilling prophecies
predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted
self-esteem
overall value that we assign to our selves
self discrepancy theory
now you compare to two mental standards
1. ideal self: characteristics you want to possess based on your desires :perfect: you may be mental, physical, emotional, material, spiritual,
2. ought self: person others wish and expect you to be; stems from expe
Attachment Anxiety
degree to which a person fears rejection by relationship partners
Attachment Avoidance
degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties
dismissive attachment style
down" anxiety but "up" avoiance, close relationships unimportant instead prizing and prioritizing, self-reliance
fear-ful attachment, "up" in both attachment anxiety and avoidance fear rejection. Shun relationships and avoid "inevitable" pain
Individualistic culture
you likely were taught that that individual goals are more important than group or societal gears, focus on immediate family and individual achievement, (US, NewZealand, Sweden)
Collectivestic culture
likely were taught the importance of belonging to groups or "collectives" that look after you in exchange for your loyalty
Mask
public self designed to strategically veil your private self
Face
the self we allow others to see, the aspects of ourselves we choose to present publically
embarrassment
feelings of shame, humiliation and sadness
warranting theory
suggests that when assessing someone; online self-descriptions, warranting value of the information presents, the degree to which the information is supported by other people and outside evidence
Improving online self-person
1. when choosing screen name choose one that you feel best represents the self you want to portray
2. keep in mind that online communication is dominated by visual information (texts, photos, videos)
3. Always remember the important role that warranting v
Social penetration theory
Altman and Taylor's modes that you reveal information about yourself in layers (onion theory)
Breadth
number of different aspects of self each partner reveals at each layer
Depth
how deeply into one another self the partners have penetrated.
Public area
aspects of your self that you and others are aware of. includes everything you openly disclose from music and food preferences to religious beliefs and moral values
Blind area
facets of your self that are readily apparent to others through your interpersonal communication but that you're not aware of. includes strengths that you may not see in yourself or character flaws that don't mush with your self-concept
hidden area
parts of yourself that you're aware of but that you hde from most others. these include destructive thoughts, impulses and fantasies and disturbing life experiences that don't fir comfortably with your public self or your won self-concept
Unknown area
aspets of your self that you and others aren't aware of such as unconscious motives and impulses that strongly influence your interpersonal communication and relationships. While you can't gain access to your unknown area through critical self-reflection
self- disclosure
revealing private information about yourself to others
5 important facts regarding self-disclosure
1. in any culture people vary widely in the degree to which they self-disclose
2. people across cultures differ in self-disclosure
3. people disclose more quickly broadly and deeply when interacting on line than face to face
4. self disclosure appears to
Effectively disclosing yourself
-Know yourself
-know your audience
-dont force others to self-disclose
-dont presume gender preferences
-be sensitive to cultural differences
-go slowly
organization
the step of perception in which we mentally structure and selected sensory data into coherent pattern
punctuation
structuring the information you've selected into a chronological order that matches how you experienced the order of events.
interpretation
stage of perception in which we assign meaning to the information we have selected
attribute
rationales we create to explain the comments or behaviors of others
internal attributions
presume that a person's communication stems from internal causes such as character or personality
external attribution
a persons communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute other's behaviors solely to internal causes rather than the social or environmental forces affecting them
Actor- observer effect
tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors
self-serving bias
a biased tendency to credit ourselves instead of external factors for our success
uncertainty reduction theory
1st compulsion is to reduce uncertainty about them so their communication becomes predictable and explainable
Ways uncertainty can be reduced
passive strategies- learn through watching
active- ask others
interactive- talk to them directly
in-groupers
people you consider fundamentally similar to yourself because of their interests affiliations or backgrounds
out-groupers
considered fundamentally different from you because of interests affiliations or backgrounds
extraversion
degree to which a person is interested in interacting regularly with others and actively seeks out interpersonal encounters
agreeableness
degree to which a person is trusting friendly and cooperative
openness
degree to which a person is willing to consider new ideas and take an interest in culture
conscientiousness
degree to which a person is organized and persistent in perusing goals
neuroticism
degree to which a person experiences negative thoughts about ones self
personality
an individuals characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on the traits he or she possesses
interpersonal impressions
ideas about who people are and how we feel about them
implicit personality theories
personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together
gestalt
general sense of a person that's either positive or negative or both
positivity bias
tendency for first impressions of others to be more positive than negative
negativity effect
tendency to place emphasis on the negative information we learn about others
halo effect
tendency to interpret anything another person says or does in a favorable light because you have a gestalt of that person
horn effect
tendency to interpret anything that another person says or does in a negative gestalt of that person
stereotyping
categorizing people into social groups and then evaluating them based on information we have in our schemata related each group
empathy
understanding of another person's perspective and awareness of his or her feelings in an attempt to identify with them
perception checking
5 step process to test your impressions of others and to avoid errors in judgement involves checking punctuation, knowledge, attributions, perceptual influences and impressions
emotion
intense reaction to an event that involves interpretive the meaning of an event becoming psychologically aroused, labeling the experience as emotional, attempting to manage our reaction and communicating this reaction in the form of emotional displays
Emotion includes
1. emotion is reactive, triggered by our perception of outside events
2. involves physiological arousal in the form of increased heart rate, blood pressure and adrenaline release
3. must become aware of your interpretation and arousal as an "emotion" must
emotion-sharing
talking about experiences with others
emotional contagion
experience of the same emotion spreads from one person to others
feelings
short term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousal
moods
low intensity states not caused by events typically last longer than feelings or emotions
Primary emotions
emotions that involve unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures: joy, surprise, anger, disgust sadness and fear
blended emotions
even where 2 or more primary emotions are triggered at one time
display roles
cultural norms guiding appropriate ways to manage and communicate emotions
rational emotive behavior therapy
therapy developed by albert ellis that helps neurotic patients systematically purge themselves of the tendency to think negative thoughts about themselves
suppression
inhibiting thoughts, arousal, and outward behaviors displays of emotions
emotion management
attempts to influence which emotions you have when you have them and how you experience and express them
emotional intelligence
ability to accurately interpret your and others emotions and use to manage emotions, communicate them constructively and express them
venting
allowing emotions to dominate your thoughts and explosively expressing them such as shrieking in happiness or storming into an office in rage
encounter avoidance
preventing unwanted emotions by avoiding situations or people who provoke them
encounter structuring
preventing unwanted emotions by avoiding topics in encounters with others
attention focus
preventing unwanted emotions by intentionally devoting your attention only to aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke those emotions
reappraisal
actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotions- eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed
deactivation
preventing unwanted emotions by systematically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience
anger
the negative primary emotion that occurs when you are blocked or interrupted from an important goal by what you see as the improper action of an external agent
chronic hostility
a persistent state of simmering or barely suppressed anger and constant negative thinking
catharsis
with in the field of interpersonal communication the assumption that openly expressing emotions enables you to purge them
passion
blended emotion of joy and surprise coupled with other positive feelings like excitement amazement and sexual attraction
Jefferson strategy
strategy to manage your anger that involves counting slowly to 10 before responding to someone who says or does something that makes you angry
grief
intense sadness that follows substantial loss
supportive communication
sharing messages that express emotional support and that offer personal assistance such as telling a person of your sympathy or listening to someone with out judging.
Communication
The process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.
Interaction
The exchange of a series of messages, whether face-to-face or online.
Contexts
Situations when a host of factors influence how we communicate.
Linear Communication Model
An activity in which information flows in one direction, from starting point to end point.
Sender
The individual(s) who generates the information to be communicated, packages it into a message and chooses the channel to send it to.
Noise
Factors in the environment that impede messages from reaching their destination.
Reciever
The person from whom a message is intended and to whom the message is delivered.
Interactive Communication Model
The transmission of information which is influenced by two additional factors; feedback and field of experience.
Feedback
The verbal and nonverbal messages that recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication.
Fields of Experience
The beliefs, attitudes, values and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event.
Transactional Communication Model
Each participant equally influences the communication behavior of the other participants.
Interpersonal Communication
Dynamic form of communication between two (or more) people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Dyads
Pairs of people.
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication involving only one person, in the form of talking out loud to oneself or having a mental "conversation" inside one's head.
Impersonal Communication
Exchanges that have a negligible perceived impact on our thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Metacommunication
Communication about communication.
Self-presentation Goals
Desires you have to present yourself in certain ways so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person.
Relationship Goals
Building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others.
Interpersonal Communication Competence
Consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical.
Communication Skills
Repeatable goal directed behaviors and behavioral patterns that you routinely practice in your interpersonal encounters and relationships.
Appropriateness
The degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate.
Self-monitoring
The process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communcication choices.
Effectiveness
The ability to use communication to accomplish the three types of interpersonal goals.
Online Communication
Any interaction by means of social networking sites, email, text, or instant messaging, Skype, chatrooms, and even massively multiplayer video games like World of Warcraft.
Culture
An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people.
Gender
Social, psychological and cultural traits generally associated with one sex or the other.
Sexual Orientation
An enduring, emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others that exists along a continuum ranging from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality and that includes various forms of bisexuality.
The 4 components that make up communication.
Messages, contexts, channels, and media.
The 3 models of communication.
Linear, Interactive and Transactional
List 5 principles of interpersonal communication.
1) conveys content and relationship information.
2) can be intentional or unintentional
3) is irreversible
4) is dynamic
5) is intertwined with ethics and moral principles.
3 Types of goals interpersonal communication fulfulls
Self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship.
Self awareness
The ability to view yourself as a unique person and then reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Self comparison
What we engage in when comparing our behaviors to others.
Self concept
Your overall perception of who you are based on beliefs, attitudes, and values you have about yourself.
Looking Glass self
Our self-concept influenced by thinking about how others see us.
Self fulfilling prophecy
Prediction about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted.
self esteem
The overall value, positive or negative, that we assign ourselves.
self discrepancy theory
Suggests that your self esteem is determined by how you compare to two mental standards. Your Ideal Self and Ought Self.
Embarrassment
Can result when information arises that contradicts your face.
What is the onion theory?
The Social Penetration Theory
What are the 4 quadrants of The Johari Window?
1) Public Area
2) Blind Area
3) Hidden Area
4) Unknown Area
What is the Public Area (Johari Window)?
Things about yourself that you and other people are aware of.
Examples: From music and food preferences to religious beliefs and moral values.
What is the Blind Area (Johari Window)?
Things about you that others easily notice through interpersonal communication but yet you aren't aware of yourself.
Examples: Strengths that you may not see in yourself or character flaws that don't mesh with your self-concept.
What is the Hidden Area (Johari Window)?
Things about yourself that you know but don't want others to know.
Examples: Fantasies, disturbing life experiences, destructive thoughts.
What is the Unknown Area (Johari Window)
Things about yourself that you nor other people are even aware of. Things like unconscious motives and things that strongly influence your communication that you indirectly infer.
Self disclosure
Revealing private information about your self to others.
Self-disclosure varies across and within ________.
CULTURES vary across and within self _______.
Self-disclosure happens more quickly ______.
ONLINE is when _________ happens more quickly.
Self-disclosure promotes ______ _________.
MENTAL HEALTH is promoted through ________.
Self-disclosure happens more frequently with _______ than _______.
More WOMEN than MEN happen to more frequently _________.
List 3 of the 6 tips to Self Disclose.
1) Know yourself.
2) Know your audience.
3) Don't force others to self-disclose.
4)Don't presume gender preferences.
5) Be sensitive to cultural differences.
6) Go slowly.
Perception
Selecting, Organizing, and Interpreting
Selection
Focus attention on certain stimuli in our environment.
Salience
The degree to which people or aspects of their communication attract our attention.
Salience information is usually
- Visually and audibly stimulating
- Something our goal lead us to view as important
- Something that deviates from our expectations
Organization
Structuring the selected information into a coherent pattern.
Punctutation
Organizing the information into a chronological sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events.
Interpretation
Assigning meaning to selected information.
Schemata
Mental structures containing information that defines concepts' characteristics and interrelationships.
Attritubutions
Creating explanations for others' comments or behaviors.
Internal Attributions
Presume that a person's communication or behavior stems from internal causes, such as a character or personality.
External Attritbutions
A person's communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to say others' behaviors are based only on internal things like the person they are versus being able to base in on external factors like their environment or other social forces.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
The thought that you can be less unsure about somebody if you gather information about them to where you can break down the type of communicator they are when they talk to you.
Passive Strategies
Approaches can help you predict how he or she may behave when interacting with you, reducing your uncertainty.
Example: Observing someone hanging with their friends, or checking somebody's Facebook page.
ASKING ABOUT THE BOY YOU LIKE
Active Strategies
Asking other people about someone that you are interested in.
Examples: APPROACHING AND TALKING TO THE BOY YOU LIKE ON YOUR OWN FACE TO FACE.
Interactive Strategies
Starting a direct interaction with the person you're interested in.
Examples: ASKING THE BOY YOU LIKE TO CHECK THE BOX YES OR NO IF YOU LIKE ME.
Ingrouper
Growing up the beliefs you hold true that others have in common with you may make you think they are similar to you.
Outgrouper
The people who are not similar to yourself.
This is influences communication by 1%.
Gender
Personality
An individual's way of thinking, feeling and acting, based on the traits that he or she possesses.
Implicit Personality Theories
Personal beliefs about different personality types and the ways in which personalty traits cluster together.
Interpersonal Impressions
Mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them.
Gestalts
General and global impressions of people, either positive or negative.
Positivity Bias
Gestalts more likely to be positive.
Negativity Effect
Emphasis on negative information.
Halo Effect
Positively interpret what someone says or does because we have a positive Gestalt of them.
Horn Effect
The tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behavior of people for whom we have negative Gestalts.
Algebraic Impressions
Taking all the information you know about somebody and comparing it and making an idea of how the person is overall and being able to judge them differently when you gain more information.
Stereotyping
Placing somebody into a category then judging them based upon what you know about people that within that category.
Empathy
Being able to identify with the feelings of others.
Perspective Taking
The ability to see things from someone else's vantage point without necessarily experiencing that person's emotions.
Empathic Concern
Becoming aware of how the other person's emotional state, and perhaps even experiencing some of his or her emotions yourself.
List 3 ways to check your perception.
1) Check your punctuation.
2) Check your knowledge
3) Check your attributions
4) Check your perceptual influences.
5) Check your impressions.