Verbal Communication
to written or oral words that we exchange; language
Informative
use of language to communicate information or report facts
Imaginative
use of language to express oneself artistically or creaetively
Instrumental
use of language to obtain what you need or desire
Regulatory
use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others
Heuristic
use of language to acquire knowledge or understanding
interactional
use of language to establish and define social relationships
personal language
use of language to express individuality and personality
phonology
the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning
syntax
the rules that govern word order
semantics
the study of meaning
denotative meaning
the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word
connotative meaning
the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word
pragmatics
field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals
speech act theory
branch of pragmatics that suggests that when people communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the language that people speak determines the way they see the world
Kinesics
Nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior
paralinguistics
all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress
chronemics
the study of the way in which people use time as a message
haptics
the study of the communicative function of touch
Appearance and artifacts
the way that someone's appearance communicates something about them
Listening
the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Sensing
the stage of listening most people refer to as "hearing"; when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them
understanding
interpreting the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean
evaluating
assessing your reaction to a message
responding
showing others how you regard their message
listening style
a set of attitudes, beliefs, and predispositions about the how, where, when, who, and what of the information receiving and encoding process
action-oriented listening style
listening style that reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking
informational listening
listening skills that are useful in situations requiring attention to content
content-oriented listening style
a listening style that reflects an interest in detailed and complex information, simply for the context its self
critical listening
listening skills that are useful in a wide variety of situations- particularly those involving persuasive speaking
people-oriented listening style
a listening style that is associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others
supportive listening
listening skills focused not only on understanding information but also "listening" to others' feelings
time-oriented listening style
a listening style that prefers brief, concise speech
intercultural communication
communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different
culture shock
a feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues
computer-mediated communication
the exchange of messages carried through an intervening system of digital electronic storage and transmitted between two or more people