Intra personal communication
Communication with yourself
metamessages
Messages that refer to other messages
encoding
The process of putting ideas into code; for example, thinking of an idea and then describing it in words
communication competence
Knowledge of communication and the ability to apply that knowledge for effective communication
computer-mediated communication
Communication between 2 or more people through some electronic means
feedback
The messages you get back from your own messages and from the responses of others to what you communicate.
power
The ability to influence the behaviors of others
transactional view of communication
The view of communication that sees each person as taking both speaker and listener roles simultaneously
ethnocentrism
The tendency to see others and their behaviors thru your own cultural filters
ethnic identity
Commitment to the beliefs and values of your culture
Skills of human communication
Self-presentation, Relationship, Interviewing, Group interaction and leadership, Presentation, Media literacy
Interpersonal communication
the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people
Interviewing
communication that proceeds by question and answer
Small group communication
communication among groups of say 5 to 10 people
Public communication
communication between a speaker and an audience. Audience range in size from several people to millions
Mass communication
communication from one source to many receivers who may be scattered throughout the world
Popular erroneous beliefs about communication
The more you communicate, the better your communication will be / When 2 people are in a close relationship, neither person should have to explicitly communicate needs and wants; the other person should know what these are / Interpersonal or group conflic
Linear view of human communication
The communication is seen in a straight line. The speaker spoke and the listener listened. Speaking and listening were seen as taking place at different times. Cant speak and listen at the same time.
Interactional view of human communication
The speaker and listener were seen exchanging turns at speaking and listening. Still viewed speaking and listening as separate acts; cannot be performed by the same person at the same time
Communication context
Physical (tangible or concrete environment), Cultural (the rules of a group of people for considering something right or wrong), Social-Psychological (status relationships among speakers, the formality of the situation, the norms of a group or organizatio
Feedforward Messages
Information you provide before sending your primary message. Reveals something about the messages to come
Phatic communication
Small talk. Form of feedforward message. Designed to maintain rapport and friendly relationships
Noise
anything that interferes with your receiving a message. Noise distorts some portion of the message
Physical noise
external to both speaker and listener
Physiological noise
created by barriers withing the sender or receiver and would include visual impairments, learning loss, articulation problems, and memory loss
Psychological noise
mental influence in the speaker or listener, such as preconceived ideas wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, close mindedness, and extreme emotionalism
Semantic noise
interference that occurs when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems; including languages or dialect
Signal-to-noise ratio
In this term, the word signal refers to information that you would find useful and noise refers to information that is useless to you.
competence and culture
principles of effective communication vary from one culture to another
competence and critical thinking
The ability to think critically about the communication situations you face and the options for communication that you have available
Competence and ethics
There is a right-versus-wrong aspect to any and all communication acts, and this aspect is separate from that of effectiveness.
competence and power
all communication transactions involve power or the ability to control the behavior of others
competence and listening
your ability to communicate effectively rests heavily on your ability to listen
Communication is a process of adjustment
The principle of adjustment states that communication can take place only to the extent that the communicators use the the same system of signals.
Communication accommodation theory
holds that speakers will adjust to the speaking style of listeners to gain social approval and greater communication efficiency
Ambiguity
the condition in which a message can be interpreted in more than one way
Content and relationship dimensions
Two aspects to which messages may refer: the world external to both speaker and listener (content) and the connections existing between the individuals who are interacting (relationship)
Legitimate power
when others believe you have a right- by virtue of your position - to influence or control their behaviors
Referent power
power that results from characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader
Reward power
exists when someone has control over the resources or rewards another person wants
Coercive power
the capacity to punish or withhold positive outcomes as a means of influencing other people
Expert power
power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses
Punctuation of communication
The breaking up of continuous communication sequences into short sequences with identifiable beginnings and endings or stimuli and responses.
Purpose of communicating
To Learn, Relate, Help, Influence, Play
Uncertainty avoidance
The degree to which a culture values predictability
Masculinity - femininity
extent to which cultures embrace traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics
Power distance
the way power is distributed throughout the society
Individualism - collectivism
a culture's emphasis on the importance of the individual or of the group
High and Low context
The extent to which information is seen as embedded in the context or tacitly known among members; High context - information is part of the context and not explicitly verbalized; Low context - information is made explicit and little is taken for granted
Stereotype
A fixed impression of a group of people
Attribution
The process by which we try to explain the motivation for a person's behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
Schemata
The mental templates or structures that help you organize new information as well as the information you already have in memory
social comparison
The process by which you compare yourself with others, most often your peers
Implicit personality theory
Concluding that a person has positive qualities because you know that he or she has positive qualities
Self-concept
Your image of who you are
Self-esteem
A measure of how valuable you think you are
self- disclosure
The process of talking to others about yourself, of revealing things that you normally keep hidden
self-serving bias
The tendency to take credit for positive outcomes and to deny responsibility for negative outcomes
Sources of Self-Concept
1. Other's images of you 2. Comparison with others 3. Cultural Teachings 4. Self-Interpretations and Self-evaluations
Looking-glass self
Looking at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they communicate with you
Self Awareness
When you examine several aspects of yourself as they might appear to others as well as to yourself.
The four selves
1. Open Self 2. Bind self 3. Unknown Self 4. Hidden self
How to grow self awareness
1. Listen to others 2. Increase your open self 3. Seek information about yourself 4. Dialogue with yourself
Five suggestions for increasing self-esteem
1. Attack self-destructive beliefs 2. Seek out nourishing people 3. Work on projects that will result in success 4. Remind yourself of your successes 5. Secure affirmation
Rewards of Self-Disclosure
Self-Knowledge, Improved coping capabilities, communication enhancement, More meaningful relationships
Dangers of Self-Disclosure
Personal risks, Relationship risks, Professional risks
Guidelines for making self-disclosures
Consider the following: 1. Motivation 2. Appropriateness 3. disclosure of the other person 4. possible burden the disclosure might entail
Perception
The process by which you become aware of objects, events, and especially people through your senses: sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing
Stages of Perception
1. Stimulation 2. Organization 3. Interpretation-Evaluation 4. Memory 5. Recall
Perception: Stage One - Stimulation
Your senses are stimulated. You engage in Selective perception; meaning you don't perceive everything
Selective attention
you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable
Selective exposure
you tend to expose yourself to information that will confirm your existing beliefs, that will contribute to your objectives, or that will prove satisfying in some way.
Perception: Stage Two - Organization
You organize the information your senses pick up. Three ways you organize 1) Rules 2) Schemata 3) Script
Organization by Rules - name both rules
Rule of Proximity and Rule of Similarity
Rule of Proximity
things that are close to each other are thought of as a unit
Rule of Similarity
things that are physically similar or look alike belong together and form a unit
Organization by Schemata
Another way you organize material by creating schemata, mental templates or structures that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with everyday as well as those you already have in memory. Schemata may be viewed as g
Organization by Scripts
A script is a type of schemata, but a script focuses on an action, event or procedure. It's a general idea about how some event should unfold, i.e. eating at a restaurant: sit down, take a menu, order, eat, pay the bill, leave (pg. 46)
Perception: Stage Three - Interpretation Evaluation
Is subjective and greatly influenced by our experiences, needs, wants, values, expectations, physical and emotional state, gender, and beliefs about the way things are or should be - your rules, schemata, and scripts. i.e. when you meet a football player
Perception: Stage Four - Memory
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Active Listening
A process of sending back to the speaker what you think the speaker meant
Paraphrasing
Restating what another says but in your own words
Situational Listening
An approach to listening in which effective listening style depends on the specifics of the communication interaction
Disclaiming
The process of asking the listener to receive your message without prejudice, to give you a fair hearing
Listening
A five-step process consisting of receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding
Assimilation
The tendency to integrate and interpret what you hear or think you hear in terms of your own expectations and biases
Backchanneling Cues
Listening responses that let the speaker know that you're paying attention
Memory
A reconstructive rather than a reproductive process
I-messages
Messages in which you take responsibility for your thoughts and actions rather than attributing these to others
Empathetic Listening
Listening to what a person is feeling as well as to what the person is thinking
Quid Pro Quo Harassment
A situation in which employment opportunities are made available in exchange for sexual favors
Confirmation
A communication pattern in which you indicate your acceptance of the other person's self-definition
Intensional Orientation
The tendency to view people, objects, and events in the way they're talked about or labeled
Face-Saving Messages
Messages that preserve the image of the other person
Ableism
Discrimination against people with disabilities
Denotation
The objective meaning of a term; the meaning you'd find in a dictionary
Disconfirmation
A communication pattern in which you ignore someone's presence as well as that person's communication
Polarization
The tendency to talk and think in terms of extremes or opposites
Connotation
The subjective or emotional meaning that specific speakers give a word
The Maxim of Quality
The principle that speakers follow in saying what they know or assume to be true