COM 112 Exam 1 Review

physical needs

The fact that communication keeps us healthy is the basis of how communication meets our ________.

stigma

A characteristic that discredits a person, making him or her be seen as abnormal, or undesirable.

relational needs

The feeling of wanting companionship, affection, relaxation, escape, etc. shows that humans have to meet _________.

identity needs

The fact that communication shapes the way we see ourselves and others shows that communications helps us meet our _______.

Spiritual Needs

Communication lets us share our beliefs and values with others, therefore, is helps us meet our ___________.

Instrumental Needs

the fact the communication helps us perform our day-to-day tasks shows that it helps us meet our ________.

Action Model

This defines communications as a one-way process with someone coming up with a thought to communicate putting that into words or a gesture, and the other try to understand the message.

Source

The originator of a thought or idea.

encode

To put an idea into language or gesture.

message

Verbal or non-verbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.

channel

A pathway through which messages are conveyed.

decode

To interpret or give meaning to a message

reciever

The party who interprets the message.

noise

Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of the message.

physical noise

Type of noise that would interfere with actual process of hearing or seeing the message clearly

psychological noise

Type of noise that includes other concerns that the receiver is dealing with that day.

Physiological noise

Types of noise including fatigue or hunger.

Interaction Model

This defines communication as a two-way process involving a source and receiver and include feedback and context.

feedback

Verbal and non-verbal responses to a message.

context

The physical or or psychological environment in which communication occurs.

physical context

Includes the where you are physically interacting with each other.

psychological context

Involves factors that influence your state of mind, such as how formal the situation is, how much privacy you have, how emotionally charged the situation is, etc.

transaction model

This defines communication as both people simultaneously acting as sources and receivers.

channel-rich context

a communication context involving many channels at once.

channel-lean context

a communication context involving few channels at once.

perceptual filters

This affects how we make sense of communication, meaning that what one person says is not always exactly what the other person hears.

meaning

People give communication its ________.

symbol

A representation of an idea.

content dimension

Literal information that is communicated by a message.

relational dimension

Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated.

metacommunication

Communication about communication.

Intentional, Unintentional

Communication sends a message, whether is ________ or _________.

Explicit rule

a rule about behavior that has been clearly articulated.

Implicit rule

A rule about behavior that has not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understood.

expert

It is a myth that everyone is an _______ in communication.

Solve

It is a myth that communication will _______ any problem.

Break down

It is a myth that communication can ______________.

good

It is a myth that communication is inherently _______.

more

it is a myth that _____ communication is always better.

interpersonal communication

Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship.

Intrapersonal communication

Communication with oneself.

mass communication

Communication from one source to a large audience.

small group communication

Communication occurring within small groups of three or more people.

dyad

A pair of people.

dyadic, intentional or unintentional, irreversible, unrepeatable

What are the 4 characteristics of interpersonal communication?

Communication Competence

Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation.

effectiveness

Describes how well your communication achieves its goals.

Appropriate

Attending to the rules and expectations that apply to the social situation while communicating.

Self Monitoring

Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others.

Adaptability

Being able to assess what is going to be appropriate and effective in a given context and then modifying your behaviors accordingly.

Empathy

The ability to think and feel as others do.

Cognitive Complexity

The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways.

Ethics

A code of morality or set of ideas about what is right.

culture

The system of learned, and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another.

society

a group of people who share symbols, language, values and norms.

In group

a group of people with whom one identifies.

Out group

A group of people with whom one does not identify.

culture shock

The jarring reaction we have when we find ourselves in highly unfamiliar situations.

ehtnocentrism

Systematic preference for characteristics of one's own culture.

values

Standards for judging how good, desirable, beautiful something is.

norms

Rules or expectations that guide people's behavior in a culture.

Symbols, Language, Values, Norms

What are the 4 components of culture?

co-culture

Groups of people who share values, customs and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenship.

Individualism

A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself.

Collectivism

A culture that places emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual.

Low context

A culture in which communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally.

High Context

A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions or tone of voice.

Low Power Distance

A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people.

High Power Distance

A culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in specific groups of people, such as a royalty or a ruling political party.

Monochronic

A concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted.

Polychronic

A concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodity.

Uncertainty Avoidance

The degree to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.

Communication codes

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures.

idiom

A phrase whose meaning is purely figurative.

jargon

Language whose technical meaning is understood by people within that co-culture but not necessary by those outside it.

gestures

Movements, usually by the hand or arm, that express ideas.

gender

A broad term encompassing the influences of gender roles, biological sex, and sexual orientation.

gender roles

Set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex.

Sex

Concept of being biologically male or female.

Sexual Orientation

A characteristic determining the sex or sexes that someone is sexually attracted to.

femininity

Gender role that emphasizes expressive, nurturing behavior.

masculinity

Gender role that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking.

androgyny

A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Self concept

The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is, also known as identiy

Personality

The pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person.

Reflected appraisal

The process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of the person.

Social comparison

the process of comparing oneself with others.

Reference groups

The groups of people with whom one compares oneself in the process of social comparison.

Self fulfilling prophecy

And expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize and manage emotions.

Self esteem

One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person.

Interpersonal Needs theory

The proposition that self esteem interacts with three important interpersonal needs to affect our communication with other people: the need for control, inclusion, and affection.

Need for control

One's need to maintain a degree of influence in one's relationships.

Need for inclusion

One's need to belong to a social group and be included in the activities of others.

Need for affection

One's need to give and receive expressions of love and appreciation.

Self Disclosure

The act of giving others information about oneself that one believes that they do not already have.

Social penetration theory

A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth.

Norm of reciprocity

A social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person.

Perception

The process of making meaning from the things we experience in the environment.

Selection

The process of attending to a stimulus

Organization

The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention.

Interpretation

The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.

Physical Constructs

Classifying information about people with emphasis on appearance, noticing subjective and objective characteristics about someone.

Role Constructs

Classifying information about people with emphasis on people's social or professional position.

Interaction Constucts

Classifying information about people with emphasis on peoples behavior.

Psychological Constructs

Classifying information about people with emphasis on peoples thoughts and feelings.

Stereotype

Generalizations about groups of people that are applied to individual members of those groups.

Primacy effect

The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception.

Recency effect

The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception.

positivity bias

The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception

negativity bias

The tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception.

Attribution

An explanation for a behavior.

Self Serving Bias

The tendency to to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute others behaviors to internal rather than external causes.

overattibution

The tendency to attribute a range of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person.

perception checking

The process of describing with evaluation, looking for two different explanations, and requesting for clarification.