adjustment
the principle of verbal interaction that claims that communication takes place only to the extent that the parties communicating share the same system of signals.
ambiguity
uncertainty of meaning; the possibility of interpreting a message in more than one way.
channel
Send from one person or place to another
code
a set of symbols used to translate a message from one form to another
communication
the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction
communication accommodation theory
theory holding that speakers adjust their speaking style to their listeners to gain social approval and achieve greater communication effectiveness
Example: Mary Clare switches to a more confident cheerful tone when talking to adults.
Communication Competence
Communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation, The ability to accomplish one's personal goals in a manner that maintains a relationship on terms that are acceptable to all parties.
Communication is Inevitable
Messages are (almost) always being sent
Example: Walking down the street there are ads, street signs etc.
Communication is Irreversible
Messages can't be uncommunicated
Example: Can't take back your words once they're out there.
Communication is Unrepeatable
Messages are always unique, one time occurrences because the circumstances will never be the same.
Example: can never recreate the same mood, the same background noise, the same enviornment, the same emotions, etc.
Computer-mediated communication
a general term denoting all forms of communication between people that take place through some computer, electronic, or internet connection.
content and relationship dimensions
a principle of communication stating that messages refer both to content (the world external to both speaker and listener) and to the relationship existing between the individuals who are interacting.
content messages
refers to the behavioral response expected. For example, an employer may say to a worker, "See me after the meeting." the behavioral response expected - that the worker see the employer after the meeting.
context
all communication has four dimensions: physical, social-psychological, temporal, and cultural.
culture
the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people-consisting of their values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving, and ways of communicating-that is passed from one generation to the next.
decoder
something that takes a message in one form (for example, sound waves) and translates it into another form (for example, in vocal-auditory communication).
decoding
the process in which a receiver attaches meaning to a message
dyad
a 2-person unit
effect
the outcome or consequence of an action or behavior; communication is assumed always to have some _____
encoder
something that takes a message in one form (for example, nerve impulses) and translates it into another form (for example, sound waves).
encoding
the process of putting thoughts into symbols, most commonly words
ethics
the rightness or wrongness of actions; the branch of philosophy that studies moral values
feedback
the discernible response of a receiver to a senders message
Example: when we hear what we are saying; the reactions of audience- applause, yawns
feedforward
info that is sent prior to a regular message tolling ht listener something about what is to follow.
Example: asking someone "You know how we made plans for Wednesday? (Well, I have to cancel")
3 principles of communication:
1) inevitable
2) irreversible
3)unrepeatable
intercultural communication
communication that takes place between or among persons of different cultures or persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving
intrapersonal communication
communication with yourself
Example: Thinking outloud
interpersonal communication
communication between two persons or among a small group of persons and distinguished from public or mass communication; often dyadic and small group communication in general
Example: talking to a friend
interviewing
a particular form of interpersonal communication in which two person interact largely in a question-and -answer format for the purpose of achieving specific goals.
mass communication
communication addressed to an extremely large audience, (mediated by audio and/or visual transmitters, and processed by gatekeepers before tranmission)
Example: tv ads
Message
Any signal or combination of signals transmitted to a receiver.
metamessages
a message that makes reference to another message. For example, comments like "Did I make myself clear?" or "That's a lie" refer to other messages ad are therefore considered _____
Noise
Anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of information
organizational communication
the process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages that convey meaning and that occur within an organizational context
public speaking
communication in which a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context.
punctuation
tendency to divide up the various communication transactions in sequences of stimuli and responses
Receiver
The person who decodes a message; The person to whom a message is sent
relationship message
Message that comments on the relationship between the speakers rather than on the matters external to them.
responses
any overt or convert behavior. As you speak (encode), you also decipher the ______ of the listener (decode)
small group communication
Involves 3 or more people who can see and speak directly with one another
source
any person or thing that creates messages. A _____ may be an individual
stimuli
external or internal changes that impinge on or arouse an organism.
Theory
a general statement or principle applicable to related phenomena
Transactional Communication Model
A characterization of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages in an ongoing, irreversible process.