Communicator
The person creating and/or receiving the message.
Decode
To make sense of the message while contending with noise.
Encode
To put thoughts into symbol and gestures (usually words).
Channel
The medium through which the message passes.
Noise
Distraction that disrupt transmission.
Message
The information being transmitted
Self-Concept
Who you think you are... the relatively stable set of perceptions you have about yourself.
Perceived self
The person you believes yourself too be moments of honest examination.
Presenting Self
The public image- the way we want other to view us.
Practical goals
getting others to behave in way we want
Leaner Message
Face to Face message are rich with nonverbal cues
Disinhibition
Sending message without considering the consequence
Permance
messages can be archives virtually forever.
Communication Competence
There is no ideal way to communicate
Competence is situational
Competence can be learned
Cognitive Complexity
The ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue or situation
Empathy
Feeling and experiencing another's situation
Self-monitoring
It is one way to understand yourself better.
Intercultural communication
National Difference
Ethnic Difference
Co-cultures
Motivation
the desire to communicate successfully
Tolerance and Open-mindness
communicating across cultures be confusing
Knowledge and Skill
Passive observation
Active strategies
Self-discloser
Self-Esteem
self-esteem involves evaluations of self-worth
Reflected Appraisal
Each of us develops a self-concept that reflect the way we believe others see us.
Individualistic culture
Self is separate, unique individual. should be independent, self-sufficient
Collectivistic culture
People being to extended familiar or in-groups. "WE" or groups oreintation
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A person's expectations and subsequent behavior make an even more likely to occur
-holding an expectation for yourself or others
-behaving in accordance with that expectation
-the expectation comes to pass
-reinforcing the original expectation
Self-imposed prophecies
when your own expectations influence your behavior
Prophecies imposed by others
expectation and behaviors of one, govern another's action
pygmalion imposed prophecies
teacher's impact on students
selection
selecting which impressions we will attend to. several factors cause us to notice some things and ignore others
organization
Along with selecting information from the environment, we must arrange it in some meaningful way. we classify people based on their Appearance, Social Role, Interaction Style, and Membership
stereotyping
To make generalizations and predictions about members of the groups who fit the categories we use.
Punctuation
the determination of causes and effects in series of interaction. this can have powerful effect on our relationships with other.
Interpretation
after we organize information we interpret in a way that makes sense to us.
Negotiation
sense-making occurs between and among people as they influence one another's perceptions and try to achieve a shared perspective.
Narratives
interpersonal acts have more than one narrative
the sense
how we experiences our sense changes the way we interact and shape our perception
Age
older people view the world differently because they have a greatest scope of experiences
health and fatigue
how do you experience the world
Ethnocentrism
the attitude that one's own culture is superior to other
Geography
even one's physical location can shape the way they view the world
Gender role
men and women are expected to behave
occupational role
the kind of work we do influences our through
Relational role
roles you play in relation to others
Self-serving bias
an attempt to convince ourselves that the positive face we show the world is true
Perception checking
serious problems can arise when we trear our interpretations as matter of fact
Element of perception
a perception check has three parts:
a description of the behavior you noticed
at least two possible interpretations of the behavior
a request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior
Complements
a perception check doesn't always need all parts
Nonverbal Congruency
Nonverbal behavior reflects the open-mindedness
Cultural Rules
a straight forward approach may cause problems
Face Saving
can help raise an uncomfortable topic
Empathy
the ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the would form the other's point of view
Sympathy
Viewing another person's situation form your point of view.
Physiological Factors
strong emotions are coupled with strong physiological factors
Nonverbal reactions
feeling are often apparent by observable reactions
Verbal expression
Words can be required to discover the depth or intensity of the emotion.
Personality
there is a clear relationship between personality and the way we experience and express emotion
individualistic culture emotion
these cultures feel comfortable revealing their emotions to people with whom they are close (Canada and the US)
Collectivistic Culture emotion
these cultures prize harmony and discourage expressions of negative emotion which may upset relationship (India and Japan)
Social convention
the unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct expression of emotion
Emotion Labor
managing or even suppressing emotion is both appropriate and necessary
Fear of self-discloser
in a society that discourages the expression of emtions, revealing them can seem risky
Emotional contagion
the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
Recognize your feelings
beyond being aware, also try to identify
Consider when and where to express your feeling
give yourself time to discover the gravity of the emotion before full expression
Accept responsibility for your feeling
Instead of saying;
youre making me angry... im getting angry
Be mindful of the communication channel
medicated channel
email, instant message
Facilitative emotions
are emotions which contribute to effective functioning
Debilitation emotion
are emotions which detract from effective functioning
Intensity
Anger or irritation may be beneficial
rage usually makes matter worse
emotionally memory
harmless event can trigger debilitative feeling
self-talk
interpretations people make of an even during the process of self-talk that determine their feeling
The Fallacy of Perfection
the belief that a worthwhile communication should be able to handle every situation
The Fallacy of Approval
that is vital to gain the approval of vitally every person
The Fallacy of Should
the inability to distinguish between what is nd what should be
The Fallacy of Causation
the irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by one's own self-talk
The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
basing a decision on limited information. when we exaggerate short comings
The Fallacy of Helplessness
Satisfaction in life is determined by forced beyond your control
The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectation
the assumption that if something bad happened then it is
Minimizing Debilitative Emotions
-Monitor your emotional reactions
-note the activating event
-record your self-talk
-reappraise your irrational beliefs
-replace self-defeating self-talk with more constructive thinking.