Nonverbal Communication
behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words; ex: facial expressions, tone of voice
Nonverbal Communication is Present in Most Interpersonal Conversations
facial expressions, tone of voice, dress and smell, accent, how loud they talk, how fast they talk
Emoticons
textual representations of facial expressions
Important Nonverbal Cues
Pitch and Tone
Nonverbal Communication often Conveys more Information Than Verbal Communication
65-70% of meaning comes from nonverbal clues
Nonverbal Channels
the various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes: sense of vision, vocal characteristics, touch and smell
Nonverbal Communication is Usually believed Over Verbal Communication
it's not uncommon to get conflicting messages between what a person says and does-most of the time, we believe the nonverbal cues
More trust in Nonverbal Communication
because most of us believe that people have a harder time controlling nonverbal signals than verbal ones
Nonverbal Communication is the Primary Means of Communicating Emotion
emotion is a powerful influence on our behavior, and our primary way of communicating how we feel is through our nonverbal behaviors
Two Channels of Nonverbal Behavior in Communicating Emotion
Facial expression and vocal behaviors
Nonverbal Communication Metacommunicates
when a friend or relative whispers or covers her mouth with her hand, those behaviors convey that what she's telling you is meant to be a secret
Functions of Nonverbal Communications
Managing Conversations, Expressing Emotions, Maintaining Relationships, Forming Impressions, Influencing Others, Concealing Information
Managing Conversations
inviting conversations: personal space, physical appearance, eye contact
maintaining conversations: turk taking signals (nonverbal behavior that indicates when a person's speaking turn begins and ends
ending conversation: changes in eye behavior and postu
Expressing Emotions
facial expression of emotions, vocal expression of emotions
Maintaining Relationships
attraction and affiliation; power and dominance; arousal and relaxation
Attraction and Affiliation
nonverbal behavior that conveys attraction and affiliation
Power and Dominance
power-potention to affect another person's behavior
dominance-actual exercise of that potential
ex: powerful people are more likely to keep less powerful person waiting
Artifacts
objects of an environment to be examined further-status symbols
ex: college diploma in office
Arousal and Relaxation
arousal-increase in energy; excitement-opposite
arousal as-excitement or anxiety
Forming Impressions
impressions related to a person's demographic characteristics; and those related to a person's sociocultural characteristics
demographic: age, ethnicity, sex
sociocultural: socio-economic status, money, education
Influencing Others
creating credibility: adopting appearance that conveys expertise
promoting affiliation: touch
interactional synchrony: convergence of two people's behaviors
Concealing Information
lying or hiding to conceal one's self
10 Channels of Nonverbal Communication
facial displays, eye behaviors, movement and gestures, touch behaviors, vocal behaviors, the use of smell, the use of space, physical appearance, the use of time, use of artifacts
Oculesics
the study of eye behavior
Kinetics
study of movement
Gesticulation
the use of arm and hand movements to communicate
Emblem
a gesture with a direct verbal translation
ex: wave of hand: hello
Illustrator
a gesture that enhances or clarifies a verbal message
ex: hands show how big a fish was
Affect Display
a gesture that communicates emotion
Regulator
a gesture that controls the flow of conversation
ex: raising your hand to speak
Adaptor
a gesture used to satisfy a personal need
ex: scratching
Haptics
study of how people use touch to communicate
ex: affectionate, caregiving, power and control, aggressive, ritualistic
Vocalics
characteristics of the voice
ex: pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, silence
Paralanguage
vocalic behaviors that go along with verbal behavior to convey meaning
Olfactics
the study of the sense of smell
ex: memories, sexual attraction
Proxemics
study of spacial use
Intimate Distance
the distance most people in Western cultures maintain with intimate partners; ranges from 0 to 1.5 feet
Personal Distance
the distance most people in Western cultures maintain with friends and relatives; ranges from 1.5 to 4 feet
Social Distance
the distance most people in Western culture maintain with casual acquaintances; ranges from 4 to 12 feet
Public Distance
the distance most people in Western cultures maintain with public figures during a performance; ranges from 12 to 25 feet
Physical Appearance
halo effect: the tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
Chronemics
the use of time
Use of Artifacts
includes selection and placement of objects; use of light, and use of color
Culture Influences Nonverbal Communication
emblems, affect displays, personal distance, eye contact, facial displays of emotion, greeting behavior, time orientation, touch
High-Contact Culture
a culture in which people touch frequently and maintain little personal distance with one another
Low-Contact Culture
a culture in which people touch infrequently and maintain relatively high levels of personal distance with one another
Sex Influences Nonverbal Communication
emotional expressiveness, eye contact, personal space, vocalics, touch, appearance
Interpreting Nonverbal Communication
be sensitive to nonverbal messages, decipher the meaning of nonverbal messages,
Expressing Nonverbal Messages
learn from others, practice being expressive