Know the 3 Models of communication: action, interaction, transaction. Be able to define them, diagram them and label each of their components, also, identify them at work in everyday interaction
Look at pictures
Noise: psychological, physical
psychological noise refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and how we interpret others (example: if you are preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team meeting . likewise prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere wi
Feedback
Responses to messages. Feedback is continuous, and it may be verbal, nonverbal, or both; it may be intentional or unintentional.
dual perspective
The ability to understand both your own and another's perspective, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings.
I-It communication
Impersonal communication in which people are treated as objects or as instrumental to our purposes.
I-Thou communication
Fully interpersonal communication in which people acknowledge and deal with each other as unique individuals who meet fully in dialogue.
I-You communication
Communication midway between impersonal and interpersonal communication, in which the other is acknowledged as a human being but not fully engaged as a unique individual.
Discuss communication competency? include ppt
-communication competence a sthe ability to communicate effectively and appropriatly
-Develope a range of skills: no single style of communication is best in all circumstances, with all people, or for pursuing all goals.
- Adapt communication appropriatel
Communication as a process
-source
-encode
-receiver
-decode
-message
-context
-channel
-Feedback
-Noise
Principles of Communication
Principles of Communication
1 - we cannot not communicate
2 - interpersonal communication is irreversible
3- interpersonal communication involves ethical choices
4 - people construct meanins in interpersonal communication ( the significance of communicati
Chapter 2
self
Development of self -
-Self arises in communication with others ( as we interact with others, we internalize much of what they express so that we come to share many of their perspectives as well as many of their perceptions of who we are
- Particular others (are specific peopl
Self-Concept
-Direct definition (communication that tells us explicitlly who we are by directly labeling us and our behaviors.)
-Reflected Appraisal (is our perception of another's view of us)
-Identity scripts
- attachment styles
4- attachment styles and their consequences as adults
secure attachment style - is facilitated when the caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. people with secure attachment styles ted to be outgoing,affectionate, and able to handle the challenges and disappointments of cl
what does it mean to say self is a process?
newborn babies have no ego boundaries, which define where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins. Within the first year or two of life, as infants start to differentiate themselves from the rest of the world, the self begins to develop. They
Generalized other
broadly held social views which are revealed to us in three ways. Interaction wit others who have internalized cultural values and pass them on to us, through the media and institutions that reflect cultural values, and institutions. The views gennerally
commitment to personal growth
The first principle for changing self-concept is the most difficult and the most important. You must make a firm commitment to cultivating personal growth. Realize from the start that changing how you think of yourself is a major project. Cant let set bac
Johari Window - Diagram, Label , Discuss
look at both screenie ( with book and class slide)
Direct definition
is communication that tells us explicitly who we are by direct labeling us and our behaviors
Reflected Appraisal
is our perception of another's view of us.
Self fulfilling prophecies
self-fulfilling prophecies
Acting in a way that embodies expectations or judgments about us.
self-sabotage
Self-talk that communicates that we are no good, that we can't do something, that we can't change, and so forth. Self-sabotage undermines our belief in ourselves and our motivation to change and grow.
self-disclosure
The act of revealing personal information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover in other ways.
Social comparison
Comparing ourselves with others in order to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.
identity scripts
A guide to action based on rules for living and identity. Initially communicated in families, identity scripts define our roles, how we are to play them, and basic elements in the plots of our lives. Not the same as a script, which is one of the four cogn
Particular others
One source of social perspectives that people use to define themselves and guide how they think, act, and feel; people who are especially important to the self.
Chapter 3
chapter 3
Selection, Organization, interpretation
selection - We choose to attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors:
-to qulities of the phenomena-loud,soft,bright, dark, stands out.
-our motives and needs
-Culture
Organization - Contructivism: we naturally organize information into conveni
Discuss perception as a process
The Process of Human perception:
Perception: the active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations and other phenomena.
1)Selecting: qualities of the phenomena, self-indication, self, culture
Influences on perception: physiology, age, culture, roles, cognitive abilities, self
these things affect what we perceive and how we interpret others and experiences
Person centeredness
person-centeredness is related tot cognitive complexity because it entails abstract thinking and use of a wide range of schemata. As discussed in chapter 1, person - centeredess is the ability to perceive another as a unique individual. also, person cente
Define attribution
is an explanation of why something happened or why someone acs a certain way
Perception check
Because perception are subjective and partial. and because mind reading is an ineffective way to figure out what others think, we need to check our perception with others. Perception checking is an important communication skill because it helps people arr
Facts vs Inferences
Competent interpersonal communication also depends on distinguishing facts from inferences. A fact is based on observation. An inference involves an interpretation that goes beyond the facts. For example suppose that a person is consistently late reportin
Perception
The active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.
self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute our positive actions and successes to stable, global, internal influences under our control, and to attribute our negative actions and failures to unstable, specific, external influences beyond our control.
Empathy
The ability to feel with another person, to feel what she or he feels.
Cognitive complexity
In our interpretation of experience, the number of constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.
fundamental attribution error
Overestimating the internal causes of others' behavior and underestimating the external causes.
standpoint
The knowledge and perspective shaped by the material, symbolic, and social conditions common to members of a social group.
prototype
Knowledge structures that define the clearest or most representative examples of some category.
script
A definition of expected or appropriate sequences of action in a particular setting. Scripts are one of the four cognitive schemata; not the same as an identity script.
stereotype
Predictive generalizations about people and situations.
personal construct
Bipolar mental yardsticks by which we measure people and situations along specific dimensions of judgment.
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Define nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is all aspects of communication other than words. It includes not only gestures and body language but also how we utter words: inflection, pauses, tone, volume, and accent.
Artifacts - A personal object that we use to announce our
4 Principles of nonverbal communication
- Nonverbal communication may supplement or replace verbal communication (example: you might say "yes" while nodding your head. Emphasize particular words by increasing your volume.)
- Nonverbal communication may regulate interaction: nonverbal behavior r
Identify and discuss the 9 types of nonverbal communication:
- Kinesics: body position and body motions
- Haptics : use of ouch
- Physical appearance
- Artifacts: personal objects that signal our identities
- Environmental factors: Elements of a setting that affect how we feel
- Proxemics and personal space: how we
Proxemics
An aspect of nonverbal communication that includes space and our uses of it.
Paralanguage
Vocal communication, such as accents and inflection, that does not use words.
Haptics
The sense of touch and what it means. Haptics are part of nonverbal communication.
Kinesics
Body position and body motions, including those of the face.
Chronemics
The aspect of nonverbal communication that involves our perceptions and use of time to define identities and interaction.
Hall's spatial zones
-Intimate
- Personal space (1.5 feet)
- Social space ( 4 feet)
- public space (12-25 feet)
Considerations for interpreting nonverbal
- Personal qualifications: generalizations about nonverbal behavior tell us only what is generally the case. They may not apply to particular people. Example: although eye contact generally indicates responsiveness in western culture, some people close th
Double-bind:
- A double bind is an emotionally distressing dilemma in communication in which an individual (or group) receives two or more conflicting messages, in which one message negates the other
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Framing rules
Culturally based guidelines that define the emotional meaning of situations and events.
deep acting
Management of inner feelings.
Feeling rules
Culturally based guidelines that tell us what we have a right to feel or are expected to feel in specific situations.
surface acting
Controlling outward expression of inner feelings.
emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize which feelings are appropriate in which situations, and the skill to communicate those feelings effectively.
emotion work
The effort we invest to make ourselves feel what our culture defines as appropriate and not to feel what our culture defines as inappropriate in particular situations.
What are emotions? discuss the physiological, perceptual, social influences on emotions.
-Emotions: our experience and interpretation of internal sensations as they are shaped by physiology, perception, language, and social experiences.
-Physiological influences on emotions: Example: its the knot you feel in your stomach when you get back an
Effectively communicating emotions:
-Identify your emotions: sometimes you have mix feelings, but don't know how to describe them. you must identify what you feel first.
- Choose whether and how to express emotions
- Own your feelings: use I language instead of you
- Monitor your self talk: