Situational Approach
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Developmental Approach
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Covenantal Approach
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Communication Competence
Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation.
Appropriateness
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Effectiveness
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Role Competence
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Self Competence
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Goal Competence
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Nonverbal Competence
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Self-Awareness
Awareness of how your behavior is affecting others.
Adaptability
Ability to modify your behaviors as the situation demands.
Empathy
The ability to think and feel as others do.
Skill at identifying and feeling what others around you are feeling.
Cognitive Complexity
The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways.
Ethics
A code of morality or a set of ideas about what is right.
Guidelines in judging whether something is morally right or morally wrong.
High Power Distance culture
A culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party.
Low Power Distance culture
A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people.
Collectivistic culture
A culture that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual.
Individualistic culture
A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself.
High-Context Culture
A culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice.
Low-Context Culture
A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally.
Masculinity
A gender role, typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking.
Femininity
A gender role, typically assigned to women, that emphasizes expressive nurturing behavior.
Monochronic
A concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted.
Polychronic
A concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodity.
Uncertainty Avoidance
The degree to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
Self-Disclosure
The act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have.
Social Penetration Theory
A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth.
Attribution
An explanation for an observed behavior.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes.
Overattribution
The tendency to attribute a range of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes.
Common Attribution Errors
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(Schutz's) Interpersonal Need Theory
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Cocooning
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Criticism
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Law of Love
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Displeasure
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Indifferent
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Gratitude
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Interpersonal communication
Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define their relationship.
Self-Monitoring
Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others.
Image management
The process of projecting one's desired public image.
Johari Window
A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.
Face
A person's desired public image.
Norm of Reciprocity
A social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person.
Self-concept (also known as "identity")
The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is.
Self-esteem
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person.
Fellowship face
The need to feel liked and accepted by others.
Autonomy face
The need to avoid being imposed upon by others.
Competence face
The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent.
Face-threatening act
Any behavior that threatens one or more face needs.
Person perception
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Mind reading
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Negativity bias
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception.
Positivity bias
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception.
Perception
The process of making meaning from the things we experience in the environment.
Perceptual set
A predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive.
N.E.E.D.
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Honesty
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Transparency
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Authenticity
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Stigma
A characteristic that discredits a person making him or her be seen as abnormal or undesirable.
instrumental needs
Practical, everyday needs.
model
A formal description of a process.
source
The originator of a thought or an idea.
encode
To put an idea into language or gesture.
message
Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.
channel
A pathway through which messages are conveyed.
receiver
The party who interprets a message.
decode
To interpret or give meaning to a message.
noise
Anything that interferes with the encoding decoding of a message.
feedback
Verbal and nonverbal responses to a message.
context
The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs.
intrapersonal communication
Communication with oneself.
Mass communication
Communication from one source to a large audience.
Small group communication
Communication occurring within small groups of three or more people.
dyad
A pair of people.
Culture
The system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another.
Society
A group of people who share symbols, language, values, and norms.
In-group
A group of people with whom one identifies.
Out-group
A group of people with whom one does not identify.
Ethnocentrism
Systematic preference for characteristics of one's own culture.
Ethnicity
An individual's perception of his or her ancestry or heritage.
Nationality
An individual's status as a citizen of a particular country.
Co-cultures
Groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics beyond their national citizenship.
Similarity assumption
One's tendency to presume that others think the same way he or she does.
Communication codes
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as idioms and gestures, that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures.
Gender role
A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex.
androgyny
A gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.
Expressive talk
Verbal communication whose purpose is to express emotions and build relationships.
Instrumental talk
Verbal communication whose purpose is to solve problems and accomplish tasks.
Personality
The pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person.
Reflected appraisal
The process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of the person.
Social comparison
The process of comparing one-self with others.
Reference groups
The groups of people with whom one compares one-self in the process of social comparison.
Need for control
One's need to maintain a degree of influence in one's relationships.
Need for inclusion
One's need to belong to a social group and be included in the activities of others.
Need for affection
One's need to give and receive expressions of love and appreciation.
image
The way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others.
Facework
The behaviors one uses to project one's desired public image to others.
Breadth
The range of topics about which one person self-discloses to another.
Depth
The intimacy of the topics about which one person self-discloses to another.
Interpersonal perception
The process of making meaning from the people in our environment and our relationships with them.
Selection
The process of attending to a stimulus.
Organization
The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention.
Interpretation
The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.
Stereotypes
Generalizations about group of people that are applied to individual members of those groups.
Primacy effect
The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception.
Recency effect
The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming perception.
Egocentric
Unable to take another person's perspective.
marital happiness
According to research, this is the most powerful predictor of happiness in life.
transaction
This model considers both people in a conversation to be senders and receivers simultaneously.
relational dimension
When your roommate says "We're out of detergent again" and you take that as a criticism, you are paying attention to this aspect of the message.
intimate
According to the text, it is not necessary for interpersonal communication to relate this type of information in order to qualify as interpersonal communication.
effectiveness
This aspect of communication relates to how well a message meets its goals.
enculturation
The process by which cultural traditions are passed from one generation to the next.
instrumental talk
Some researchers believe women and men grow up in different speech communities. According to that idea, men are taught to do _____.
expressive talk
Some researchers believe women and men grow up in different speech communities. According to that idea, women are taught to do _____.
offering opinions
An example of a type of linguistic pattern that is associated with powerful speech.
short phrases
Talking in _____ is not an example of an affiliation behavior.
self-concept
Your own understanding of who you are as a person.
blind
According to the Johari Window, there are aspects of our personalities that others can see in us but that we are unaware of. These are known as the ________ aspects of our self.
social comparison
When we evaluate our own merits with respect to certain reference groups, we are engaging in this process.
perception
This is the ongoing process of making meaning from what we experience in our environment.
selective memory bias
The process at work when we are able to recall only information that confirms our existing stereotypes.
perceptual set
People "see" faces in all sorts of natural phenomena, including clouds, tree bark, and even rocks on Mars. That is an example of which perception-making process?
positivity
Idealizing a romantic partner at the beginning of a new relationship is a common example of the __________ bias.
negativity bias
You liked most everything about your new roommate when you first met, but when you found out she smokes, that overshadowed all of her good qualities in your mind. What perception-making process are you displaying here?