communication
the process of human beings responding to the symbolic behaviors of others
types of communication
intrapersonal
interpersonal
small group
public
mass
intrapersonal communication
communication with oneself
interpersonal communication
-also known as a dyadic communication
- interacting with one other person
small group communication
when every person can participate actively with the other members.
ex) your family is a small group, an athletic team
Public communication
when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute
Mass communication
consists of messages that are transmitted to large, widespread audiences via electronic and print media
Needs
physical
identity
social
practical
physical needs
an absence of satisfying communication can jeopardize your life
identity needs
we decide who we are based on how others react to us
social needs
pleasure
affection
inclusion
escape
relaxation
control
practical needs
to be able to tell and show who we are and what we need
communication competence
effective communication involves achieving one's goal's in a manner that, ideally, maintains or enhance the relationship in which it occurs.
Myths about communication
- communication is a cure all
- communication is just common sense
-communication quantity equals quality
- communication is always a good thing
Linear model/ Transactional model
Linear:
information source (sender) goes through the medium to the receiver and the receiver decodes the message.
Transactional:
when you send a message and the other person receives it, then they send a message back and the other person receives it. And
attribution
the process of attaching meaning to behavior
-effects how we see others
-effects how we see ourselves
self- serving bias
we tend to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible
3 factors that cause us to notice some messages and ignore others
intensity: how well you notice something
repitition: flip flops
contrasts: someone that stands out
Impression management
the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
face
presenting self
face work
the verb and nonverbal ways we act to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others
Empathy
the ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from the other's point of view
Sympathy
you feel compassion for another person's predicament
self-fulfilling prophecy
when a person's expectation of an outcome, and subsequent behavior, makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.
perception checking
1. a description of the behavior you notice
2. at least 2 possible interpretations of the behavior
3. a request for clarification bout how to interpret the behavior
Reflected Appraisal
the fact that we develop an image of ourselves format he way we think others view us
significant other
people whose opinions we especially value
Ogden and Richards Semantic Triangle
There is an indirect relationship between a word and the thing it cams to represent
Rules of language
Phonological
syntactic
semantic
pragmatic
phonological rules
govern how words sound when pronounced
syntactic
govern the structure of language
semantic
the meaning of specific words
pragmatic rules
govern how people use language in everyday interaction, which communication theorist have characterized as a series of speech acts.
Power of language:
language shapes attitude
naming
credibility
status
convergence
when your friends or lover develop special terms that serve as a way of signifying their relationship
divergence
communicators that want to separate themselves apart from others
hedges, tag-questions, disclaimers
a powerless language
equivocal language
a word that has more than one meaning
relative words
words that gain their meaning by comparison
slang
language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group
Jargon
the specialized vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and experience
Abstract language
speech that refers to events or objects only vaguely
Euphemisms
pleasant term substituted for a potentially less pleasant one
Equivocation
a deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
Gender differences with language
content
goals of communication
conversational styles
low-context
to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible
high context
value language as a way to maintain social harmony
Whorf- Sapir Hypthesis
the structure of language effects the world view of its users
residual message
what we remember is a small fraction
pseudolistening
an imitation of the real thing
selective listening
respond only to the parts of a speakers remarks that interest them
defensive listeners
take innocent comments as personal attacks
ambushers
listen closely but only because they are collecting information to attack whet you have to say
insulated listeners
the opposite of their selective listening cousins. they avoid certain topics
insensitive listeners
people who don't receive another persons message clearly
stage hogs
try to turn the topic of conversations to themselves instead of showing interest in the speaker
content- oriented listeners
most interested int eh quality of messages they hear
people- oriented listeners
concerned with creating and maintaining positive relationships
action-oriented listeners
try to figure out what sort of response is required by a message
time-oriented listeners
the view tie as a scarce and valuable commodity
informational listening
the approach to take when you want to understand another person
critical listening
to judge the quality of a message in order to elide whether to accept or reject it
emblems
nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to everyone within a cultural group
illustrators
nonverbal behaviors that accompany and support spoken words
manipulators
movements i which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, fidgets, etc
proxemics
the study of thew ay people an animals use space
chronemics
the study of how human beings use and structure time