Physical Noise
Anything you hear (audible), aside from the main focus
Physiological
Being hungry, headaches, any body functions
Psychological
Thoughts (distracting from the main focus - daydreams)
Action - Communication Model
Communication is a one-way process
Interaction - Communication Model
Recognized that communication is a two-way process
Transaction - Communication Model
Both people in a conversation are both simultaneously sources and receivers
Source
The originator of a thought or an idea
Encode
to put an idea into language or gesture
Message
Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
Channel
A pathway through which messages are conveyed
Decode
To interpret or give meaning to a message
Receiver
The party who interprets the message
Noise
Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message
Channel-Rich Context
A communication context involving many channels at once
Channel-Lean Context
A communication context involving few channels at once
Individualistic culture
a culture that emphasizes individually and responsibility to oneself
Collectivistic Culture
places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual
Low-context Culture
Verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
High-context Culture
Verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice
Low-power-distance Culture
A culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people
High-power-distance culture
Much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party
Gender Clash
When men and women spend their time together, they often experience each sex not understanding one another
Self-Concept
the set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as identity
Self-Esteem
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person
Open Area (Johari Window)
consists of characteristics that are known both to the self and to others
Hidden Area (Johari Window)
Consists of characteristics that you know about yourself but choose not to reveal to others
Blind Area (Johari Window)
Dimensions of an individual's self-concept of which he or she may be unaware
Unknown Area (Johari Window)
Comprises aspects of your self-concept that are not known either to you or to others
Image Management
the process of projective one's desired public image
Face
A peson's desired public image
Facework
the behaviors one uses to project one's desired public image to others
Face Needs
Components of one's desired public image
Fellowship Face
The need to feel liked
Autonomy Face
The need to avoid being imposed upon by others
Competence Face
The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent
Social Penetration Theory
A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth
Perceptual Set
A predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive
Three Steps to Stereotyping
Identify the group we believe another person belongs to, recall some generalizations others often make about the people in that group, apply that generalization to that person
Primacy Effect
The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception
Recency effect
The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception
Positivity Bias
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception
Negativity Bias
The tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute one's success to internal causes and one's faultier to external causes
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes
Over-attribution
The tendency to attribute a rang of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person
Language
A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning
Phonological Rules
Deal with the correct pronunciation of words
Syntactic Rules
Dictate the proper order of words for the intended meaning
Semantic Rules
Govern the meanings of individual words
Pragmatic Rules
Deal with the implications of interpretations of statements
Denotative meaning
a word's literal meaning or dictionary definition
Connotative meaning
a word's implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The idea that language influences the ways that members of a culture see and think about the world
Linguistic Determinism
Suggests that the structure of language determines how we think
Linguistic Relativity
Because language determines our perceptions of reality, people who speak different languages will see the world differently
Ethos
a speaker's respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character
Pathos
Emotions of the listener
Logos
Listeners' ability to reason
Facial Displays
The use of facial expression for communication
10 Channels of Non-Verbal Communication
Facial Displays, Eye Behaviors, Movement and Gestures, Touch Behaviors, Vocal Behaviors, The use of Smell, The use of Space, Physical Appearance, The use of Time, The use of Artifacts
Kinesics
The study of movement
Gesticulation
The use of arm and hand movements to communicate
Haptics
The study of how people use touch to communicate
Paralanguage
Vocalic behaviors that go along with verbal behavior to convey meaning
Olfactics
The study of the sense of smell
Proxemics
The study of spatial use
Halo Effect
The tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
Chronemics
The use of time - the way we give (or refuse) to give our time to others
Artifact
An object or visual feature of an environment with communicative value
Symmetry
The similarity between the left and right sides of the face or body
Proportionality
The size of facial features relative to one another
Emblems
A gesture with a direct verbal translation
Illustrators
A gesture that enhances or clarifies a verbal message
Affect Displays
A gesture that communicates emotion
Regulator
A gesture that controls the flow of conversation
Adaptor
A gesture used to satisfy a personal need
Affectionate Touch
Hugging, kissing, hand-holding
Caregiving Touch
Getting a haircut, teeth cleaned, receiving a massage
Power and Control Touch
Nursing Aide holding the arm of an elderly patient
Aggressive Touch
Punching, pushing, kicking, slapping, and stabbing
Ritualistic Touch
Shaking hands
Silence
The absence of sound used to convey meaning in conversations
Intimate distance
the distance most people in western cultures maintain within intimate partners; 0 to 1.5 feet
Personal distance
the distance most people in western cultures maintain with friends and relatives; 1.5 to 4 feet
Social distance
the distance most people in western culture maintain with casual acquaintances; 4 to 12 feet
Public distance
the distance most people in western culture maintain with public figures during a performance; 12 to 15 feet or more.