Communication without words
Gestures
Smiles or frowns
Widening of eyes
Proximity
Wearing of symbols
Haptics
Volume
Saying nothing
Benefits to using nonverbal communication well
Raises your attractiveness, popularity, and psychological well-being
More successful in interpersonal communication: close relationships, organizations, teacher-student, courtroom, politics, healthcare
Accent
Adding stress to part of the message
Complement
Where your nonverbal matches your verbal message
Contradiction
Where your nonverbal goes against your verbal message
Control
Indicates how you want the conversation to flow
Repeat
Restates the message nonverbally
Substitute
Say something nonverbally instead of verbally
Emogies
Help with nonverbal communication online and on the phone
Nonverbal messages help manage impressions
Make you seem likable
Make you believable
Show you failed
Show you need help
Hide your faults
Inspire others to follow you
Confirm your self image
Importance of nonverbal communication
Much relationship formation is done nonverbally
Nonverbal cues help us conduct conversations
Can influence or deceive others
Important for expressing emotions
Gestures
Emblems
Illustrators
Affect displays
Regulators
Adapters
Emblems
Signs that can be specifically translated
Illustrators
Literally draw pictures of what you are talking about
Affect displays
Communicate the way you are feeling emotionally
Regulators
Control the rate of conversation
Adapters
Satisfy some other need such as adjusting glasses
Appearance
Attractiveness
Height
Weight
Skin tone
Facial communication
Your face can communicate happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contempt, and interest
Real smiles
Genuine and actually reflects your emotions, are responded to very positively
Fake smiles
Responded to negatively
Eye communication
In the US eye contact is considered honest and forthright
Japanese see eye contact as respectful
Hispanic cultures eye contact shows equality and should not be used by all
Avoiding eye contact can show lack of interest
Wide eyes often seen as more attract
Haptics
The use of touch in communication
Used to communicate emotions, playfulness, control, ritual (greetings), and task related such as helping
Touch avoidance is related to fear of communicating, those who avoid intimacy, and those who disclose little
Older p
Culture and haptics
Muslim children are taught not to touch members of the opposite sex
Patting a child's head can be seen as inappropriate to many Asian cultures - head is believed to be a sacred part of the body
In the Middle East, the left hand is reserved for bodily hygi
Paralanguage
Not what you say but how you say it
Volume
Pitch
Emphasis
Pauses
People who speak more quickly are more persuasive
Silence
Still communicating
Has functions: time to think, a weapon to hurt others, response to personal anxiety, special effects
Spiral of silence
We are less likely to voice our opinions if they are different from those of others
Proxemics
Personal distance
Social distance
Public distance
Territoriality
The larger your territory the more power you are seen to have
Higher status people are seen as having the right to invade the territory of lower status people
Personal distance
18 to 4 feet depending on intimacy with the other person
Social distance
4 - 12 ft
How one acts at social gatherings or in impersonal business
Public distance
12 or more feet
Allows for defensiveness if a threat arises
Territoriality
Possession of a space
Primary territories
Secondary territories
Public territory
Primary territory
Place you own: your room, office
Gives you interpersonal advantage
Secondary territory
Place you regularly associate: your chair
Public territory
Open to all people: movies, parks, restaurants
Marking your territory
Central markers
Boundary markers
Ear markers
Central markers
Putting an item in a territory to reserve it: sweater on a chair
Boundary markers
Physical lines: fences, armrests
Ear markers
Identifying marks: trademarks, monograms, namplates
Ways to resist encroachment
Withdraw
Turf defense
Insulation
Linguistic collusion
Withdraw
Physically leave the scene
Turf defense
Defense over territory: gang fights, "that's my seat
Insulation
Creating barriers
Linguistic collusion
Having a language that leaves out those who don't belong
Space decoration
How a space appears to give off certain information about that space or the person who occupies it
Color communication
Colors carry with them particular emotions or meanings
Clothing and body adornment
Type of cultural display, communicates your professionalism, what organization or team you support, conservative or liberalism
Scent is used to
Attract others
Aid in taste
Aid in memory
Create a particular image
Past orientation
Reverence for the past
Present orientation
Live for the here and now
Future orientation
Look to the future
The higher your socio-economic status the more likely you will be future oriented and plan for the future and develop strategies for success
Orientation and cultures
US is future oriented
Being on time is very important in the US
Many Latin cultures tend to have less emphasis on being on time
Many Asian cultures put great emphasis on past orientation
Punctuality
Being on time for some event
Wait time
Amount of time it seems acceptable to wait for someone
Duration
The length of a particular interaction
For instance in some European countries supper with friends could take several hours
Talk time
Who starts a conversation, who ends it, who talks more, who picks the topic
Work time
Who controls the work schedule
Relationship time
The amount of time someone gives or should give to others with whom they have a relationship
Response time
The time it takes to respond, depends on the question and how synchronous the mode of conversation
Formal cultural time
Seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years
Informal cultural time
Forever, immediately, soon, right away, as soon as possible
Monochronism
People who schedule one thing at a time (US)
Polychronism
People who schedule multiple things at the same time (Latin America)