In a centrifuged sample of blood, what makes up the buffy coat?
white blood cells and platelets
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
prevention of blood loss
Blood is a ________.
suspension
The main protein in blood plasma is:
albumin.
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure?
albumin
The most abundant plasma protein is ________.
albumin
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water.
Which of the following is not a formed element of the blood?
Antibodies
Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin.
It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.
In adults, red blood cell production occurs in__________.
red bone marrow
Which of the following does not stimulate erythrocyte production?
Hyperventilating
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency
An abnormal excess of erythrocytes is called__________.
polycythemia
The most abundant leukocytes are:
neutrophils.
Platelet formation is regulated by:
thrombopoietin.
Hemostasis leads to:
stoppage of bleeding.
The first step in hemostasis is:
vascular spasm.
You observe a large cell with a "U" shaped nucleus. This cell is most likely a(n):
monocyte.
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
As red blood cells age ________.
membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.
within the normal range
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________.
low blood viscosity
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
monocytes
Place the following in correct developmental sequence:
2, 4, 3, 1
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
pernicious anemia
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
They are nucleated.
Platelets ________.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Complications of aplastic anemia generally do not include ________.
increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
False
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells.
True
Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss.
True
Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen.
True
Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas.
True
Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.
False
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.
True
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.
True
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.
True
The enzyme ______ digests fibrin clots.
plasmin
Which of the following would not lead to a bleeding disorder?
Excess calcium in the diet
A person who lacks agglutinogens A and B would have blood type:
O.
Which of the following is NOT a part of hemostasis?
vascular relaxation
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair?
fibrin
What is an embolus?
a blood clot that has broken loose and is floating freely in the blood stream
Which of the following is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting?
PF3
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?
fibrinolysis
The slowest step in the clotting process is ________.
formation of prothrombin activator
Thromboembolic disorders ________.
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?
excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Which sequence is correct for the following events?
3, 4, 1, 2
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.
vascular spasm
Choose the compatible transfusion.
Donate type O blood to a recipient with type AB blood.
All leukocytes are also lymphocytes.
False
Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal donor?
O
Why would there be cause for concern if a young pregnant mother is Rh-, her husband is Rh+, and this is their second child?
If the second child is Rh+ and the mother did not take RhoGAM, there is a chance that the child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth.
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________.
O
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________.
packed cells
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
if the father is Rh-
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood.
True
A total WBC count and a differential WBC count have been ordered for Mrs. Johnson. What information is obtained from the differential count that the total count does not provide?
The differential count determines the relative proportion of individual leukocyte types. The total WBC count indicates an increase or decrease in number of WBCs.
What three blood tests might be ordered for a patient if anemia is suspected?
Hematocrit, complete blood count, and microscopic study of erythrocytes
A person's blood type is genetically determined.
True
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation.
Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.
Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.
False
The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the AV valve flaps.
False
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole.
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
Which of the following is not a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does.
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.
True
A patient takes a nitroglycerin tablet sublingually for chest pain. Nitroglycerin acts directly on smooth muscle, producing relaxation and vessel dilation. What is the name for chest pain, and how does nitroglycerin relieve chest pain?
Angina pectoris is thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in oxygen delivery to the myocardium. Because nitroglycerin acts as a vasodilator, blood flow to the heart is increased, promoting the delivery of oxygen to the cells.
Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria.
True
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the
coronary arteries
Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells?
ischemia
Which of the following is not a difference between the left and right ventricles?
The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle.
Part complete
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
The heart has _____ chambers and _____ valves.
4; 4
Which of the following does not deliver blood to the right atrium?
Pulmonary veins
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
Part complete
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________.
papillary muscles
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
right ventricle
The role of the coronary arteries is to:
supply blood to the heart tissue.
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
intercalated discs
Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.
True
The layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep are:
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
The ________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells in a healthy, normally functioning heart.
The atria, followed by the ventricles, contract as a unit or they do not contract at all.
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle.
False
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
decreased delivery of oxygen
The heart's pacemaker is the:
sinoatrial node.
A 14-year-old girl undergoing a physical examination prior to being admitted to summer camp was found to have a loud heart diastolic murmur at the second intercostal space to the left side of the sternum. What is the reason for the loud heart murmur assoc
The heart murmur is due to incomplete closing of the pulmonary valve.
A patient was admitted to the hospital with chest pains. On admission, his pulse was 110 and blood pressure was 96/64. According to his history, his normal pulse rate is usually between 80 and 88 and his blood pressure runs from 120/70 to 130/80. Why did
To maintain the same cardiac output, the heart rate would need to increase to compensate for a decreased stroke volume.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________.
second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves.
False
The tricuspid valve is closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
isovolumetric relaxation
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
In a healthy individual which of the following would be low?
Afterload
Part complete
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole?
pulmonary trunk
During the period of ventricular filling ________.
blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
CO = ________ � SV.
HR
Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates stroke volume?
all the factors above regulate stroke volume
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Isovolumetric contraction ________.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.
True
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?
increased contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
increased end diastolic volume
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
An ECG provides direct information about valve function.
False
What is the main function of heart valves?
to prevent backward flow of blood
When the atria contract, which of the following is true?
The ventricles are in diastole.
Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction?
The end diastolic volume (EDV)
Which of the following is true during ventricular systole?
The AV valves are closed.
During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following is true?
The semilunar valves are open.
Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular ejection
Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation?
end systolic volume (ESV)
Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular filling
In what direction does blood flow through the heart?
from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
atrial contraction
At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close?
when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open?
when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure
Part complete
Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular ejection
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close?
when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure
Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by which of the following?
The semilunar and AV valves are closed.
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open?
when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure
The first heart sound (the 'lub' of 'lub-dup') is caused by:
closure of the atrioventricular valves.
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
AV valve
What is afterload?
back pressure exerted by arterial blood
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during
ventricular diastole
Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?
Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.
Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.
Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?
AV valves only
The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents:
ventricular depolarization.
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
epinephrine
Part complete
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.
atrial depolarization
Which of the following structures sets the pace of heart contraction?
SA node
Part complete
What causes heart sounds?
heart valve closure
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
electrical activity in the heart
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
ventricular depolarization
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
P wave
Part complete
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node
The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is:
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
The left side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump.
True
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
skin color
What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram represent?
ventricular repolarization
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.
True
Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart.
True
What structure in the fetal heart allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium?
foramen ovale
An angiocardiogram was performed on an infant who had symptoms of breathlessness, and it was found that he had a patent ductus arteriosus. What is the location and function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus, and how does it relate to the reason for th
Ductus arteriosus is a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus. Breathlessness is due to the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Foramen ovale ________.
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
The pulmonary circuit is not active in the developing fetus.
True