The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located
D) in the walls of the tract organs
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to
D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called
A) digestion
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo 61) catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called
________.
A) chemical digestion
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called
A) mesenteries
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up 63) of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
A) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
B) production of intrinsic factor
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
D) enamel
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the
B) lamina propria
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates 67) gallbladder contraction to release bile?
A) cholecystokinin
) Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile
C) Bile contains enzymes for digestion
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the 69) mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
B) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth
B) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
C) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
A) serous cells and mucous cells
The solutes contained in saliva include ________
C) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach
D) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
Chyme is created in the ______
A) stomach
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
D) parietal cells
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types
synthesize and secrete these products?
A) enteroendocrine cells
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ___
B) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
Peristaltic waves are ______
B) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the 81) stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ___
B) protein and peptide fragments
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _____
C) chief cells of the stomach
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will 83) help to digest the meal?
B) amylase
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to 84) form the ________
D) hepatopancreatic ampull
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called
C) hydrolysis
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
B) lipase
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ____
B) hydrochloric acid
Hepatocytes do not ____
D) produce digestive enzymes
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
D) enterogastric
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
C) B12
Chief cells ___
C) produce pepsinogen
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of 92) ________.
A) catabolism
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central 93) venous structure.
B) liver
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue 94) to be cut is the ________
D) serosa
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
A) lipids
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for
C) canine tooth
The lamina propria is composed of _____
C) loose connective tissue
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
D) carbohydrates
The function of goblet cells is to _____
A) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful
enzymes needed for food digestion
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
A) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by _____
B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
B) fungiform and circumvallate
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
A) parietal cells
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
B) trypsin
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
C) oral cavity
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification 106) agents, and phospholipids is _______
C) bile
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of 107) elastic fibers is the _______
A) submucosA
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It _____
A) is longer than the small intestine
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
B) intrinsic factor
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa?
C) active transport
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
D) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Paneth cells ____
C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Select the correct statement about digestive processes
A) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ______
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
Select the correct statement about absorption
D) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.
A) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
B) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the
duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the ba
D) alkalosis
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include _____
D) secretin
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
B) inferior vena cava
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
D) a cyanide derivative
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.
C) A