Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli
TRUE
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell
TRUE
the functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
TRUE
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: The pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is or oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures(tissues)
TRUE
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
TRUE
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
TRUE
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs w/ each breath
FALSE
tidal volume is about 500 mls of air
the alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation
TRUE
in chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
FALSE
more mucus is produced in response to he inflammation, it is not propelled up and out and may plug up the airways, and this leads to fibrosis and damage to the alveoli
labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
TRUE
the largest amount of CO2 is transported in the bloodstream, in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
FALSE
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin
FALSE
The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.
FALSE
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing and increase in intra-abdominal pressure
TRUE
smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia
TRUE
the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall
TRUE
The average individual has 500ml of residual volume in his lungs
FALSE
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation
TRUE
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the?
Force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. the function of type II is to?
Secrete surfactant
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
cartilage rings
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
Boyle's law
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
Dalton's law
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.
the ventral respiratory group
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?
Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter.
Tidal volume is air ________.
exchanged during normal breathing
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
vital capacity
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
Respiratory control centers are located in the
medulla and pons
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
inspiratory reserve
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
diffusion
Select the correct statement about the pharynx
The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
as the initiator of the cough reflex
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________.
28 weeks
Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
number of red blood cells
Type II alveolar cells secrete
Pulmonary surfactant
____ law is called the law of partial pressure.
Dalton's
____law would apply to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi.
Henry's
Oxygen unloading in a RBC due to declining pH is called the
Bohr effect
The ___ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.
Pontine respiratory center
____is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States
Cystic Fibrosis
The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the
Epiglottis
The archway in the back of the throat is called the
Oropharynx
The trachea is lined with ____epithelium
Ciliated
Terminal bronchioles are lined with ____ epithelium
Simple cuboidal
No exchange of gases occurs here
Segmental Bronchi
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant
Type II cells
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins
Respiratory bronchioles
Composed of simple squamous epithelium
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminates in alveoli
Alveolar duct
Composed of cuboidal cells
Segmental bronchi
the respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ____.
Type I cells