A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the ba
alkalosis
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.
bile
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.
catabolism
Chief cells ________.
are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
Chyme is created in the ________.
stomach
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
lipids
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.
protein and peptide fragments
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?
enteroendocrine cells
Hepatocytes do not ________.
produce digestive enzymes
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.
secretin
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa?
active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
parietal cells
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.
serosa
Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________.
round ligament
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________.
cystic duct
Paneth cells ________.
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
chief cells of the stomach
Peristaltic waves are ________.
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Select the correct statement about absorption.
If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.
Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
lipase
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
tongue
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
liver
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
plicae circulares and intestinal villi
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
lamina propria
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
digestion
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
canine tooth
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.
hydrolysis
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
The lamina propria is composed of ________.
loose connective tissue
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.
submucosa
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
in the walls of the tract organs
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________.
endoderm
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
serous cells and mucous cells
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
mesenteries
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________.
ileum
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.
A
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.
before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
enamel
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
intrinsic factor
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
chemical digestion
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
cholecystokinin
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
fungiform and circumvallate
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
trypsin
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
rennin
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
enterogastric
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.
is longer than the small intestine
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
nitric oxide
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
inferior vena cava
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
amylase
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food?
the pancreas
________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion.
Carbohydrates
________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor.
Calcium