What element must an organic compound contain?
Carbon
What is a macromolecule?
A molecule containing a very large # of atoms
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids
What is a polymer?
A substance with a large # of banded together lipids
Which 3 of the 4 classes of macromolecules are polymers?
All except lipids
What happens to a macromolecule in a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
What happens to a macromolecule in a hydrolysis reaction?
Adds a water molecule
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide breaking
What is a monosaccharide?
Any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
What is a disaccharide?
Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues
What is a oligosaccharide?
A carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units
What are the three main types of lipids?
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids
What is the function of a triglyceride?
Provide your body with energy, but their main function is to store energy for later use.
What is the function of a phospholipid?
To form the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
What is the function of a steroid?
They regulate metabolism, immune response, reproduction and other essential biological processes
What is the monomer of proteins? How many of these monomers are there?
Amino Acids, 20
What is the R-group?
Any group for which the carbon or hydrogen atom is attatched
Describe the Primary protein structure
Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains
Describe the Secondary protein structure
Local folds and twists of the polypeptide, H+ bonding
Describe the Tertiary protein structure
Determined by interactions between the R groups
Describe the Quaternary protein structure
Association of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functioning protein complex
What is denaturation? What types of bonds does denaturing a protein disrupt?
The alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it will no longer be able to carry out its cellular function. Disulfide Bonds.
What is the minimum level of protein structure for a functional protein?
Teritiary
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What is the genome?
The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell
What is the proteome?
The entire complement of proteins that is or can be expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism.
What molecules is the plasma membrane of a cell made of?
Phospholipid Bilayer
What is the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins?
Peripheral: Provides the framework for the plasma membrane and is attached to integral protein.
Integral: Go through the membrane with two hydrophilic ends.
What 3 factors influence membrane fluidity?
Temperature, Cholestorol, Proportion of unsaturated fatty acids
Which has greater membrane fluidity, a cell with primarily unsaturated fatty acids or one with primarily saturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated because they have a kink
Rank (hydrophobic, nonpolar molcule), (large uncharged polar molecule), (small uncharged polar molecule), (charged molecule) from most likely(1) to least likely(4) to cross a cell membrane by simple diffusion
1) Hydrophobic, non polar molecule
2) Small uncharged polar molecule
3) Large uncharged polar molecule
4)Charged molecule
Glucose
Large uncharged molecule
Methane (CH4)
Hydrophobic, non polar molecule
Sodium Ion (Na+)
Charge molecule
Water (H2O)
Small uncharged polar molecule
What way to the direction of the molecules moving down their concentration gradient?
Down
____________ is when water moves across a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient.
Osmosis
Seawater has moe salt in it than water. Is seawater hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic to drinking water?
Hypertonic
How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion the same?
No energy required from cell
How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?
Diffusion assists through transport proteins
What is the difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins in a cell membrane?
Solutes diffuse through the pore of channel proteins, whereas career proteins bind solutes on one side of membrane and release it on the other side
By what process does a cell move molecules against their concentration gradient?
Active transport
What is phagocytosis?
The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans
What is pinocytosis?
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
An endocytotic mechanism in which specific molecules are ingested into the cell
What is an atom?
Smallest amount of an element, cannot be subdivided into smaller particles without losing its properties
What 3 types of particles make up an atom?
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Describe an ion.
When an atom is either positive or negative charge
Describe an isotope.
When protons don't equal neutrons
What are the two major types of chemical bonds?
Covalent and Ionic
In which type of bond do atoms share electrons? Is this a weak or strong bond?
Covalent, Strong
What are the two sub-types of covalent bonds? What is the difference between these sub-types?
Nonpolar: Equal Sharing
Polar: Unequal Sharing
What is electronegativity?
Ability to attract electrons
How does electronegativity affect covalent bonds?
Shared equally
Rank the 4 molecules (Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen) in order of increasing electronegativity (1 being the least and 4 being the most)
Oxygen-4
Nitrogen-3
Carbon-2
Hydrogen-1
Describe a hydrogen bond
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electron atom in the other
Draw two water molecules and show a hydrogen bond between them.
What 3 elements does hydrogen bond with to form hydrogen bonds?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine
In which type of bond are electrons transferred from one atom to another?
Ionic bonds
What does hydrophobic mean?
Tending to repel or fail to mix with water, lipids
What does hydrophilic mean?
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water, Salt
What does amphipathic mean?
(Of a molecule, especially a protein) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, Phospholipids
In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?
It is testable and falsifiable.
What is a control group?
The group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
What is the experimental group?
The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
Why is it important that an experiment include a control group?
Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested.
Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
The type of bonding and the numbers of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by _____.
The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
Outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.
An ionic bond is formed when _____.
One atom transfers an electron to another atom
When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form
Nonpolar covalent bonds.
Which of the following molecules contains the most polar covalent bond?
CO2
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
Polar covalent bonds
An atom with atomic number 12 would have what type of chemical behavior in bonding with other elements?
It would form ions with a +2 charge.
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.
Water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____.
Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids
Which statement is true of polymers?
They are always made of monomers.
The organic molecule called DNA is an example of ....
A polymer made of nucleotides.
Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions?
Fatty acids
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
Dehydration reactions
Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis?
The reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water
Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids?
They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.
A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?
On the inside of the folded chain, away from water
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
Peptide Bonds
Which level of protein structure do the ? helix and the ? pleated sheet represent?
Secondary
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
Unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
At which level(s) of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?
Tertiary
Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would
Always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and sometimes affect its biological activity.
The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA
Contains one less oxygen atom
Which of the following is a major reason of the size limits on cells?
Cells need a high surface area to volume ratio to exchange wastes and nutrients across their membrane
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
Proteins
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
Lysosome
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
Smooth ER
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
Smooth ER
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
Nearly any eukaryotic organism
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER ? Golgi ? vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
Select the correct statement describing cellular structure or function.
Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP.
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton.
The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components
Which of the following statements about a typical plasma membrane is correct?
The two sides of the plasma membrane have different lipid and protein composition
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small and hydrophobic
Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
Into ... membranous vesicles
Which of the following molecular movements is due to diffusion or osmosis?
When a plant cell is placed in concentrated salt water, water moves out of the cell.