A child is born with a rare genetic disorder in which mitochondria are missing from her skeletal muscle cells. However, her muscles still function. Physicians find that
Select one:
a. her muscle cells cannot complete glycolysis and split glucose to form p
b. her muscles produce large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exertion.
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined in the lab. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, the radioactive carbon will appear first in
Select one:
a. NADH.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. acetate.
d. pyruvate.
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in
Select one:
a. acetyl CoA.
b. FADH2.
c. citrate.
d. NADH.
e. oxaloacetic acid.
a. acetyl CoA
A molecule that has been phosphorylated
Select one:
a. has decreased its amount of chemical energy; it is more likely to be able to perform cellular work.
b. has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore has less energy for cellular work.
d. has increased its amount of chemical energy; it is more able to do cellular work.
A new antibiotic drug is undergoing laboratory testing. It is found to create holes in both the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria. Scientists suspect the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit
Select one:
a. glycolysis
b.
e. both the Krebs cycle and the ETC
After reading the following paragraph, answer the question(s) below.As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The comp
d. blocking access of H+ to ATP synthase.
At what point do the products of protein and fatty acid breakdown enter into the process of ATP production?
Select one:
a. glycolysis
b. ETC
c. lactate production
d. Krebs cycle
e. they do not enter the process. They have their own metabolic pathways to p
d. Krebs cycle
During aerobic respiration, hydrogen travels in which sequence?
Select one:
a. glucose ? ATP ? electron transport chain ? NADH
b. glucose ? pyruvate ? ATP ? oxygen
c. food ? glycolysis ? citric acid cycle ? NADH ? ATP
d. food ? NADH ? electron transport c
d. food ? NADH ? electron transport chain ? oxygen
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
Select one:
a. Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water.
b. The electro
e. Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.
During cellular respiration, NADH
Select one:
a. delivers its energy load to the first molecule in the ETC.
b. is converted to FAD+ by an enzyme called dehydrogenase.
c. is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
d. is chemically converted directly into A
a. delivers its energy load to the first molecule in the ETC.
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
Select one:
a. becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
b. is used to manufacture glucose.
c. is carried by coenzymes.
d. can be used to oxidize NADH.
e. is released all at once.
c. is carried by coenzymes.
During redox reactions,
Select one:
a. the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction.
b. hydrogen atoms are lost from one substance and added to another substance.
c. protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecul
b. hydrogen atoms are lost from one substance and added to another substance.
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
Select one:
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. the citric acid cycle
c. "grooming" of pyruvate
d. glycolysis
e. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
e. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy.
Select one:
a. minerals
b. food
c. carbon dioxide
d. water
e. sunlight
b. food
If a cell needs to use fatty acids as fuel for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fat molecules to
Select one:
a. glycerol and fatty acids.
b. glycerol and amino acids.
c. acetate and glycerol.
d. sugars and amino acids.
e. fatty acids and acetyl co
a. glycerol and fatty acids.
If ketones are present in high concentrations in the blood and urine, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
Select one:
a. glycerol
b. amino acids
c. glycogen
d. fatty acids
e. lactic acid
d. fatty acids
If you consume 1 g of each of the following molecules, which will generate the most ATP?
Select one:
a. protein
b. they all generate the about equal amounts of ATP
c. fat
d. glucose
c. fat
Insulin is a hormone that is responsible for the transport of glucose into the cell. Interference with insulin activity can lead to diabetes. Which of the following waste products of cellular respiration can interfere with insulin activity and possibly le
c. ketones
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.
Select one:
a. a number of vitamin compounds are used as coenzymes that are needed to help the body utilize carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to make ATP
b. since a
a. a number of vitamin compounds are used as coenzymes that are needed to help the body utilize carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to make ATP
It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membranes of the mitochondria. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by these isolated portions of the inner membrane?
Select one:
a. both the citric acid cycle and oxi
e. oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC
Molecules containing 2 carbon atoms that are broken down during cellular respiration can be obtained from
Select one:
a. lipids.
b. proteins.
c. A, B, and C.
d. A and B.
e. polysaccharides.
c. A, B, and C.
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
Select one:
a. gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons
b. gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen
c. loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen
d. gain of protons . . . loss of protons
e. loss of hydrogen .
e. loss of hydrogen . . . gain of hydrogen
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. It interferes with dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the release of hydrogen ions and electrons from their carrier molecules. Why to insects exposed to rotenone die?
Select one:
a. they will no l
d. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.
Select the correct statement about proteins.
Select one:
a. Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
b. Catabolic steroids (hormones) increase the rate of protein synthe
c. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
The energy produced from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose
Select one:
a. is less than the amount of energy produced from anaerobic respiration.
b. can vary based on the availability of coenzyme molecules in the cell.
c. will
b. can vary based on the availability of coenzyme molecules in the cell.
The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like
Select one:
a. a hamster in its exercise wheel, running fast but not getting anywhere.
b. throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.
c. a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline
e. a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the prom.
The function of fermentation is most like
Select one:
a. throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.
b. a hamster in its exercise wheel, running fast but not getting anywhere.
c. a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the prom.
d. a recyc
b. a hamster in its exercise wheel, running fast but not getting anywhere.
The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to
Select one:
a. playing Ping-Pong.
b. a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time.
c. a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
d. a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a
c. a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
The oxygen we inhale is used during cellular respiration to
Select one:
a. begin glycolysis.
b. accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
c. convert acetyl CoA to pyruvate.
d. transport H+ ions to the citric acid cycle.
e. add a phospha
b. accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
The rate of glucose oxidation in glycolysis will ________ after eating a large meal and will ________ during a long period of exercise.
Select one:
a. speed up . . . slow down
b. not change . . . not change
c. slow down . . . slow down
d. speed up . . . s
e. slow down . . . speed up
To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by
Select one:
a. removing nitrogen atoms from both molecules in the process of deamination.
b. hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to obtain fatty acids.
c. hydrolyzing both starch and glyco
c. hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to obtain glucose.
Use the following information to answer the next questions.In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2,
d. acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2.
Use the following information to answer the next questions.In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2,
a. because co-enzyme A is needed for the acetate molecule to enter the mitochondrion
Use the following to answer the following questions.Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the structure of the membranes. The fragments of the membrane will reseal themselves "inside out." These little vesicles that
b. ATP synthase, in whole or in part
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance produced and released in the urine is ________.
Select one:
a. ammonia
b. urea
c. acetyl CoA
d. ketones
b. urea
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
Select one:
a. one that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain
b. one that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
c. one that
e. one that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
Select one:
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. the citric acid cycle
c. chemiosmosis
d. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
e. glycolysis
e. glycolysis
Which of the following is NOT an intended use of the protein molecules we consume as a part of a well balanced diet?
Select one:
a. production of functional proteins like antibodies
b. production of ATP
c. production of enzymes
d. building and repairing m
b. production of ATP
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
Select one:
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. the citric acid cycle
c. electron transport chain
d. chemiosmosis
e. glycolysis
e. glycolysis
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
Select one:
a. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
b. glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle
c. the citric
a. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is false?
Select one:
a. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic process because all cells can oxidize glucose using glycolysis.
b. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic proc
c. Glycolysis is considered to be an ancient metabolic process because it is the most efficient way to generate ATP.
Which of the following waste products are produced by ALL types of aerobic metabolism?
Select one:
a. NADH and ATP.
b. ammonia and ketones.
c. oxygen and heat.
d. carbon dioxide and ATP.
e. carbon dioxide and water.
e. carbon dioxide and water.
You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body?
Select one:
a. Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released.
b. It was released as CO2 and H2O.
c. It was converted to urine and elim
b. It was released as CO2 and H2O.
Your best friend's mom has decided to cut all carbohydrates from her diet because she has heard it is a fast and easy way to lose weight. You know this is not a good idea. Which of the following reasons could you give her to talk her out of it?
Select one
d. All of these are reasons she should not cut out carbohydrates from her diet
Your puppy does not have much energy. You bring him to your veterinarian for help. Your vet is stumped by his condition and sends you to the Vet School at LSU for additional tests. All of his bloodtests come back normal, but they discover his mitochondria
b. His mitochondria lack the ability to move pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane from the cytoplasm to the interembrane space.
Site where amino acids are asembled into proteins
ribosome
The center of ATP production in the cell.
mitochondrion
Allows a cell to move quickly
flagella
Stores food, water and/or wastes.
vacuole (vesicle)
Wraps digestive enzymes in a membrane to keep the cell from digesting itself
Golgi apparatus
Contans digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
Makes and stores lipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Although wrapped in a membrane, the contents of this organelle were made by free ribosomes.
Lysosome
Move the chromosomes during cell division of animal cells
Centrioles
Controls all of the cell's activities
Nucleus
Where ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
Packages molecules for export through the cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Cells of the liver and kidneys that are exposed to highly toxic waste products from protein and lipid metabolism would need a large number of these organelles.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Stirs up the environment and brings food to the cell
Cilia
Maintains the structural integrity of an animal cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane
Manufactures proteins that will be exported from the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Sperm are the only human cells to have this structure.
Flagella
Cells with a high energy requirement (like brain or muscle cells would have a large number of these organelles.
Mitochondrion
White blood cells protect us from disease by engulfing bacteria. These organelles are formed whenever a cell engulfs something.
Vacuole (vesicle)
Maintains the shape of the animal cell
Cytoskeleton
A cell is making a protein to be sent to help a neighboring cell repair itself. Which of the following would be involved in the production of protein and moving it to its neighbor? (choose all that apply)
Select one or more:
a. Golgi apparatus
b. lysosome
f. attached ribosomes
c. rough ER
a. Golgi apparatus
h.cell membrane
Sperm need to swim long distances to reach the egg. Which of the following would a sperm cell need to successfully complete the journey? (choose all that apply)
Select one or more:
a. microtubules
b. mitochondria
c. nucleus
d. microfilaments
e. Golgi appa
b. mitochondria
a. microtubules
d. microfilaments
Which of the following can be found in cilia, flagella, centrioles and the cytoskeleton? (choose all that apply)
Select one or more:
a. plasma (cell membrane)
b. mitochondria
c. microtubules
d. microfilaments
e. ribosomes
c. microtubules
d. microfilaments
Which of the following can be found in EVERY cell? (choose all that apply)
Select one or more:
a. cell membrane
b. centrioles
c. smooth ER
d. nucleolus
e. nucleus
f. Golgi apparatus
g. mitochondria
h. cytoplasm
a. cell membrane
h. cytoplasm
Organelles float freely in the cytoplasm.
Select one:
True
False
false
Ribosomes are not organelles.
Select one:
True
False
true
A small molecule that specifically binds to a protein molecule in the cell membrane and changes its shape
Select one:
a. reverses the effects of transduction in cell signaling.
b. is called a polymer.
c. is called a signal transducer.
d. is called a ligan
d. is called a ligand.
After a membrane freezes and then thaws, it often becomes leaky to solutes. The most reasonable explanation for this is that
Select one:
a. freezing must change the polarity of the membrane.
b. freezing causes water in the cell membrane to solidify. into
c. freezing must create cracks in the phospholipid bilayer.
An animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which of the following?
Select one:
a. attaching to the cytoskeleton
b. cell-cell recognition
c. transporting ions against an electrochemical g
b. cell-cell recognition
At puberty, an adolescent female's body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, due to the influence of estrogen and other steroids released by her body. How can one steroid ligand, such as estrogen, have so many different effects
d. Estrogen receptors are identical on every cell it reacts with,but different types of cells have different transduction pathways that cause different cellular responses.
Cell membranes are asymmetrical, meaning they are not indentical on their inner and outer surfaces. Which of the following is a most likely explanation for this fact?
Select one:
a. Cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another. through
b. Cell membrane proteins are only present if the rough ER and Golgi apparatus are working correctly.
Cells that line the stomach make a digestive enzyme and secrete it directly into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following would be involved in the the secretion of the enzyme?
Select one:
a. gap junctions
b. smooth ER
c. free ribosome
a. gap junctions
Every cell membrane must have transport protens for both glucose and water. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which these proteins pass from itheir production to their placement in the cell membrane?
Select
c. attached ribosome, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, cell membrane
In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be which of the following?
Select one:
a. exposed on only one surface of the membrane
b. amphipathic
c. completely covered with phospholipids
d. hydrophobic
e. hydrophilic
b. amphipathic
Of the following, which is most similar to a receptor protein in a membrane that recognizes and interacts with a ligand?
Select one:
a. the DNA code specifying the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide.
b. an enzyme operating at its optimum pH and tem
c. an inhibitor binding to the allosteric site of an enzyme.
Termination of a cell signal transduction pathway requires which of the following?
Select one:
a. removing the ligand from the receptor
b. removal of the receptor from the membrane
c. activation of a different receptor
d. hydrolysis of ATP
e. signal trans
a. removing the ligand from the receptor
The molecules responsible for most memebrane functions are
Select one:
a. carbohydrates.
b. steroids.
c. phospholipids.
d. proteins
d. proteins
The process ofsignal transduction usually begins
Select one:
a. when the ligand is created by a cell.
b. after the third stage of cell signaling is completed.
c. after the target cell divides and creates new receptors.
d. when the ligand interacts with a
d. when the ligand interacts with a receptor and changes the receptor protein in some way.
The three stages of cell signaling are
Select one:
a. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.
b. the alpha, beta, and gamma stages.
c. signal reception, cellular response, and cell division.
d. the primary, secondary, and tertiary st
a. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.
Use the following information to respond to the following questions.As humans, we have receptors for two kinds of ligands called beta adrenergic compounds, beta 1 and beta 2. Cardiac muscle cells have beta 1 receptors that initiate a sereis of reactions t
b. Just because a drug acts one way on one type of receptor does not mean that it will act the same on another type.
Water is able to pass quickly through cell membranes because
Select one:
a. it is a small, polar molecule.
b. it moves through transport proteins called aquaporins in the membrane.
c. ATP pumps water through the membrane
d. the phospholipid bilayer is imp
b. it moves through transport proteins called aquaporins in the membrane
When a membrane is frozen for laboratory study, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. Under an electron microscope, bumps can be seen on the both surfaces of the fractured membrane. What are these bumps?
Select one:
a
d. integral proteins.
When physicians perform an organ transplant, they must choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as possible. Which of the following components of the cell should be similar in the donor and the recipient?
Select one:
a. cytoske
d. glycoproteins and glycolipids
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a transport protein in a cell membrane?
Select one:
a. It allows the diffusion of ions.
b. It is polar.
c. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
d. It is an peripheral membrane p
c. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
Which of the following plays the most important role in determining which receptors are present in the membrane?
Select one:
a. all play an equally important role
b. attached ribosomes
c. which organelles are present in the cell membrane
d. DNA
e. Golgi a
a. all play an equally important role
Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
Select one:
a. starch
b. CO2
c. glucose
d. K+
e. an amino acid
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b. CO2