a molecule becomes more oxidized when it
loses an electron
in the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, ___________ is oxidized and ____________ is reduced
glucose ...... oxygen
Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which process?
oxidative phosphorylation
which is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration
oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl=coA; oxidative phosphorylation
the function of cellular respiration is to
harvesting usable energy from glucose
During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction?
oxygen
Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucos
it is converted to heat
which statement is the best explanation of what happens to the temperature and carbon dioxide concentration during a one-hour class period in a classroom of 300 students if the heating and air conditioning is turned off and all doors are kept closed
temperature and the level of carbon dioxide rise as heat and carbon dioxide are by products of cellular respiration
where do the reactants of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
the cytosol
which process is the one in which glucose is oxidized to generate two molecules of pyruvate, and in which ATP and NADH are produced?
glycolysis
In glycolysis, there is no production of carbon dioxide as a product of the pathway. Which is the best explanation for this?
the products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material
Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which process?
the citric acid cycle
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.
carbon dioxide
in preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle which step occurs?
pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH
Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
the four carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle
where do the reactants of the citric acid cycle occur in the eukaryotic cells?
the matrix of the mitochondria
how many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen
four
which represent the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle
formation of NADH and FADH2
After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.
NADH
Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?
reducing NAD* to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria
which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2
the combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport
During aerobic respiration molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes?
at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O
which substance is/are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
ADP, oxygen, and ATP
which best describes the electron transport chain
electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step
if a compound that allows protons to freely diffuse across membranes is added to cells that are actively metabolizing glucose via cellular respiration which following process would stop
the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP would stop in the mitochondria but substrate level phosphorylation could continue
which is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria
electrons moving down the electron transport chain
during respiration in eukaryotic cells the electron transport chain is located in or on the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.
enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
sports physiologist at an olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. they would have done this by checking for a build up of which compound
lactate
In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
NAD+
Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do what
regenerate NAD+
If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result?
the muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements, the cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and the cells will consume glucose at an increased rate
of the metabolic pathways listed below which one is the only pathway found in all organisms
glycolysis
when protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration ______________ are produced as waste
amino groups