cellular respiration
consumption of O2 and make CO2 and H2O by cells
1) glycolysis and PDH complex
2) CAC
3)ETC
cellular respiration steps:
1) Acetyl-CoA made
2)Acetyl-CoA oxidized-makes CO2
3)Oxidized phosphorylation: O2-->H2O
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
pyruvate to acetyl CoA with thioester, makes NADH
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex steps:
1)TPP to TPP via pyruvate dehydrogenase
-pyruvate to CO2
2)LA (ox) to LA via TPP to TPP
3)LA to LA (reduced) via CoA-SH to acetyl-CoA
4)LA (reduced) to LA (ox) via FAD to FADH2
-FADH2 to FAD via NAD+ to NADH
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex makes:
2-NADH
2-CO2
2-acetyl-CoA
cellular respiration steps:
What is made is cellular respiration:
1)
2-CO2
4-NADH
2-ATP
2-acetyl-CoA
2)
4-CO2
6-NADH
2-FADH2
2-ATP
3)
0-CO2
0-NADH
0-FADH2
28-ATP
1-H2O
citric acid cycle
happens in matrix of mitochondria-second phase of cellular respiration
Citric acid cycle step 1:
OAA to citrate via citrate synthase
-acetyl coa to coa-sh
-irreversible
Citric acid cycle step 2:
citrate to isocitrate via aconitase
Citric acid cycle step 3:
isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase
-NAD+ to NADH and O2
-irreversible
Citric acid cycle step 4:
alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl coa via alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
-NAD+ to NADH + O2
-irreversible
Citric acid cycle step 5:
succinyl coa to succinate via succinyl coa dehydrogenase
-GDP to GTP (redox)
Citric acid cycle step 6:
succinate to fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase
-FAD to FADH2 via Q to QH2
Citric acid cycle step 7:
fumarate to maltase via fumerase
-H2O made
Citric acid cycle step 8:
maltase to OAA via malate dehydrogenase
-NAD+ to NADH
PDH complex
when energy charge is high?
it inhibits ATP producing catabolic pathways and stimulate anabolic pathway, inhibit CAC and Gly, stimulate GNG.
electron transport chain picture:
carnitine shuttle
mechanism for moving acyl-coa into matrix
carnitine shuttle image
carnitine shuttle steps:
1)Acyl-Carnitine into matrix via Acyl-CoA to CoA-SH
-Help of CAT 1 (RLS of lipid ox, irreversible)
2)Acyl-Carnitine to carnitine via CoA-SH to Acyl-CoA
3)Carnitine to cytosol
-Help of CAT 2
beta oxidation
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
Beta oxidation image
beta oxidation step 1:
Acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA hydratase via trans-enoyl-CoA
-FAD to FADH2
beta oxidation step 2:
enoyl-coa hydratase to beta-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase via L-beta-hydroxyacyl-coa dehyrdrogenase
-NAD+ to NADH
beta oxidation step 3:
beta-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase to acyl-coa acetyltransferase (thiolase) via beta-ketoacyl-coa
Beta oxidation regulation
insulin:
- beta ox
+ gly
- gng
+ lipid biogenesis
+ glycogen synthesis
glucagon:
-gly
+ gng
- lipid biogenesis
- glycogen synthesis
+ beta ox