_____ = the gain of one or more electrons by a compound
reduction
____ = the loss of one or more electrons from a compound
oxidation
when a molecule loses one or more hydrogen atoms, it becomes ____
oxidized
when a molecules gains one or more hydrogen atoms, it becomes ____
reduced
going from more reduced to a more oxidized state ___ energy
releases
cells commonly use ____ and ____ as electron carriers to temporarily trap energy released during breakdown of foods
NADH; FADH2
being reduced ___ energy
absorbs
being oxidized ___ energy
releases
glucose oxidation can be ____ or ___
complete; partial
aerobic oxidation (respiration) is ____ oxidation
complete
fermentation is ____ oxidation
incomplete
the overall reaction for aerobic oxidation is ___ molecule of glucose and ___ molecules of O2 react to give ____ molecules of CO2 and ___ molecules of water
1; 6; 6; 6
the three major pathways of aerobic oxidation are _____, ____ ____ and the ____ ____ ___
glycolysis; pyruvate oxidation; citric acid cycle
glycolysis occurs in the ____
cytoplasm
pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur in the ____ ___
mitochondrial matrix
electron transport/atp synthesis happens in the ___ ____ ___
inner mitochondrial membrane
the net products of glycolysis are ___ molecules of _____, ___ molecules of ___ and ___ molecules of ___ (per one molecule of glucose)
2; pyruvate; 2; atp; 2; NADH
each pyruvate has ____ carbon atoms
3
pyruvate oxidation produces one ____, one ____ and one ____ per pyruvate molecule; acetate is then bound to ____ ___ to form ____ ___
CO2; acetate; NADH; coenzyme A; acetyl CoA
____ ____ is the first time that CO2 is released
pyruvate oxidation
each acetate has ___ carbon atoms
2
the citric acid cycle operates ____ for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis
twice
the citric acid cycle starts with ___ ___; the ____ group is fully oxidized to two molecules of ___; ___ and ___ are formed along the way
acetyl coA; acetyl; co2; nadh; fadh2
how many molecules of co2 are produced for one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle
4
how many molecules of NADH are produced for one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle
6
how many molecules of FADH2 are produced for one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle
2
how many molecules of ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle
2
how many molecules of GTP are produced for one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle
2
NADH and FADH2 are ____ in the ____. the electrons pass through a series of membrane proteins called the ___ ___, found in the inner ___ ___
oxidized; mitochondria; respiratory chain; mitochondrial membrane
electron flow through the respiratory chain is ___; the energy is used to drive ___ transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
spontaneous; active
molecular ____ accepts the electrons from the last electron carrier protein to produce water; O2 is therefore called the ____ ____ ___
oxygen; terminal electron acceptor
without O2, the respiratory "fills up" with electrons and eventually stalls
true
as a final step, the energy stored in the proton gradient is used to make ATP from ____ and ___
ADP; Pi
an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the mitochondrial ____ ____, couples the spontaneous movement of protons down their concentration gradient to the non-spontaneous synthesis of ATP; this process is called ____ ____
ATP synthase; oxidative phosphorylation
in the presence of ___, complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields between ___ and ___ ATP molecules
O2; 32; 36
without O2, NADH is still made during ___ but it cannot be oxidized by the ____ ____ ___
glycolysis; electron transport chain
the NADH made in glycolysis is oxidized by ____ in the cytosol in the absence of O2
fermentation
all types of fermentation serve to regenerate ___; if this didn't happen, ____ would eventually come to a stop because this molecule is needed to make ___
NAD+; glycolysis; pyruvate
____ ____ fermentation in muscle limits the total amount of ATP that can be made to ___ ATP molecules per one glucose molecule, cutting it in half; the end product is ___ ___, which is later degraded
lactic acid; 2; lactic acid
___ fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of certain yeast cells; only ____ ATP/glucose; end product is ___; ____ is released
ethanol; 2; ethanol; CO2