Which hormone inhibits gastric emptying?
CCK
Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion?
secretin
Which hormone is inhibited by low pH?
gastrin
Micelles are formed from?
bile
What do micelles transport?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
Do micelles carry glycerol?
No.
Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?
CCK
Which hormone is stimulated by the presence of protein, carbs, and fats and stimulates insulin release?
gastric inhibitory peptide
Which hormone is stimulated by nerves or fasting and increases gastric motility?
motilin
Which muscle is mainly involved in peristalsis?
circular muscle
Is the stomach involved in digestion?
No.
stomach emptying is controlled by the
enteric nervous system
peristalsis and secretion are mainly controlled by the
enteric nervous system
which 2 hormones decrease peristalsis?
secretin and glucagon
salivation is controlled by the
parasympathetic nervous system
Most of the bile is
reabsorbed thru the small intestine - enterohepatic circulation
Brunner's glands are mucous glands that are located in the
small intestine
Crypts of Lieberkhun are located in
the SI and LI
What is different about the crypts of lieberkhun in the large intestine?
no villi
where is ptyalin secreted from?
salivary glands of mouth
where is pancreatic amylase secreted into?
small intestine
which of the monosaccharides is transported into the cells via facilitated diffusion and not co-transport?
fructose
where are these secreted from?
peptidases
sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, lactase
intestinal lipase
small intestine enterocytes
which enzyme does the pancreas secrete for carb digestion?
pancreatic amylase
which enzymes does the pancreas secrete for fat digestion?
pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
phopholipase
which hormone is secreted in response to fat and acids?
secretin
which enzyme for fat digestion is in the stomach?
lingual lipase (minimal digestion)
how are glucose and amino acids transported from the intestine to the epithelial lining ?
secondary active transport (co-transport with Na+)
Which hormone enhances absorption in the small intestine? enhances Na+ transport
Aldosterone
what happens once the micelles release FFA & monoglycerides into the brush border of the intestinal lining?
enterocytes smooth ER forms new TGs and package into chylomicrons for transport through the lymphatics
glucose phosphatase is able to reverse the phosphorylation of glucose in which cells?
kidney, liver, GI
where is glycogen stored?
liver and muscles
which catecholamine activates phosphorylase and glycogenolysis?
epinephrine
which enzyme traps glucose in the cell?
glucokinase
Where is the electron transport chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
glycolysis produces how many ATP?
2 ATP
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) produces how many ATP?
2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces how many ATP?
30 ATP
For each 2e-, how many ATP are formed?
3 ATP
electron acceptors
flavoprotein
fe-sulfide protein
ubiquinone
cytochromes B, C1, C, A, A3
A3 cytochrome oxidase
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
In the presence of O2, lactic acid is converted back into
pyruvic acid + NADH + H+
what happens to glycerol once it enters active tissue?
changed to glycerol 3 phosphate and enters glycolytic pathway
to use TGs for energy, where does FA oxidation occur?
mitochondria
How are FAs transported into the mitochondria?
carnitine carrier
what is required to bind with acetyl CoA before it can be processed in the citric acid cycle?
oxalate
what limits oxidative phosphorylation?
limited supply of oxalate (product of carb metabolism)
acetyl CoA ? AAA; what happens if too much accumulation?
ketosis/acidosis; also conversion into b-hydrozxbutyric acid
3 major protein types found in plasma
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
Intracellular free amino acids are typically low/high?
low
Is there a max transport threshold for amino acids?
YES.
What type of amino acids are not synthesized in the body and must be acquired through the diet?
ESSENTIAL amino acids
What type of amino acids are glutamine and tyrosine?
Nonessential (synthesized in the body)
In deamination, NH3 accumulates in the body. How is it removed?
Formed into urea, and easily excreted thru urine.
Can keto acids (from deaminated amino acids) enter the citric acid cycle to produce energy?
Yes.
What is the amount of obligatory loss of protein?
20-30gm/day
phagocytic macrophages that line the hepatic venous sinuses
Kupffer cells (reticuloendothelial cells)
factor that stimulates regeneration of hepatocytes (not seen in a health liver)
HGF ? Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Liver stores iron in the form of
ferritin
most bilirubin in circulation is conjugated/unconjugated?
unconjugated
increase RBC destruction, obstruction of bile ducts, damage to liver cells can result in?
jaundice
is bilirubin in the gallbladder conjugated/unconjugated?
conjugated (already passed through the liver and has glucoronide and sulfate attached)
if you have an obstruction in your bile ducts, will you have increase or decrease of urobilin?
decrease of urobilin or none at all