Nutrition Exam 2

define catabolism

breaking down molecules

define anabolism

building up molecules

define hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

define metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

which molecules are part of the creation of energy within cells (cellular respiration)?

glucose is one example, NAD, ATP, FAD, triglycerides, proteins

where do the above fit in to the energy equation?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP. (electron carriers contribute to ATP production) (triglycerides and proteins have components which can undergo cell respiration)

List all the nutrients that can feed into the energy cycle and approximately where they fit in (TCA cycle, glycolysis)

carbs, proteins, fats (in the form of glucose). Protein: feeds in after deamination -Carbon skeletons of glycogenic amino acids are converted to pyruvate
-Carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids are converted directly to acetyl C o A. fats: glycerol fro

know the components of cellular respiration (energy cycle)

components of cell respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, ETC; major steps:

major steps of glycolysis

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know the process of anaerobic respiration

provides energy during oxygen deficiencies

end products

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transitions

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what is the biological product of anaerobic respiration/metabolism?

lactic acid or ethanol and ATP molecules

what is involved in breaking down triglycerides?

lipase: to yield fatty acids and glycerol

what is involved in breaking down proteins?

protease

What is involved in breaking down carbohydrates?

amylase

major fundamental differences in the breakdown of pros, carbs, and fats (o2 requirement/not, what must be secreted, what product is created)

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where is alcohol metabolized?

liver

what are the major enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism?

alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

How is energy stored in the body? where? what hormones are involved in release/storage?

liver and muscle as glycogen (limited storage)
adipose tissue as triglycerides (unlimited storage)

hormones involved in stress response

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major hormones that allow entrance into CTA cycle

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major hormones that provide substrates for glycolysis

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chemical conditions that involve deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals (know either names or minerals)

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what deficiency would someone who experiences blindness most likely have?

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disease characterized by 3 D's?

pellagra?

what are the 3 D's?

Delirium, depression, and dementia?

What is the most likely major cause of toxicity?

probably supplementation

what is a term for enzymes (such as vitamins or minerals) involved in facilitating biochemical reactions?

cofactor?

best type of food(citrus, whole wheat, etc) for each major vitamin in the text and lecture

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know the vitamins involved in physiological processes, which amino acids they work on, whether they enhance or degrade the optimal functioning of the system

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what does iodine do?

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what does calcium do?

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know the systems that have vitamins which play a key role in which vitamins play roles

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vitamins which are better to get from plants, animals, supplements

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know what type of diet would be able to provide the maximal amount of a particular vitamin an what type of diet would not be effective (animal diet vs not)

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role of electrolyte balance and fluid retention/ hormones involved in regulation

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fluid balance as a basis of microbiology: know different fluids, where they are and functions (intracellular fluid, extracellular, lymphatic system, bloodstream)

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Know how water can be lost from the body

feces, urination, sweating

two general types of water loss from the body

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A type of water loss that you are aware of is known as?

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a type of water loss that you are not aware of is known as?

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3 major systems that account for the body's ability to regulate the pH of blood and other body regions

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what is the best type of water?

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pros/cons of bottled water

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pros/cons of tap water

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which nutrients are likely to accentuate the problem in diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, etc? (a diet high in.... ingredient may help to bring out a certain illness)

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know the effects of excess vitamins, minerals, and macros

(look at tables in lecture slides)

symptoms associated with water toxicity (over hydration)

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symptoms associated with severe dehydration

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what types of individuals are most vulnerable to excesses and deficiencies in water intake?

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where are the key minerals stored?

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where are the key substrates that are drawn upon for energy stored?

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know which ethnic group is most susceptible to cardiovascular disease?

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what is a free radical?

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how do vitamins help to stabilize free radicals?

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What are some systems (enzymatic pathways) in the body that neutralize and reduce the likelihood that free radicals will do damage in the body?

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vitamins capable of deactivating free radicals

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which free radical is more active inside the cell vs outside (lipid soluble vs non)

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visual system: different types of consequences if a person is deficient in a particular vitamin

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which vitamins are correlated with a reduced risk for cancer? is the evidence for this well established? better through supplementation or whole foods?

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which groups of people would benefit from taking supplements?

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different categories of bone

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composition of bone

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different ingredients found in bone (protein responsible for attaching the bone matrix, name of the matrix)

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different types of cell involved in bone (3-4) and their roles

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what is stored in bone?

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hormones involved in calcium regulation and the process of regulation itself

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name of ingredients that interfere with absorption of certain nutrients and what plants they are associated with

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which vitamin deficiency are present in children and what are common associated risks

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link between malnutrition and infectious diseases

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