a molecule becomes oxidized when it
loses an electron
in the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _ is oxidized and _ is reduced
glucose; oxygen
most of the atp produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes
oxidative phosphorylation
which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration in proper sequence
oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen gas is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. the explanation for this is that
the oxygen atom is very electronegative
the function of cellular respiration is to
extract usable energy from glucose
during the reaction C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of this reaction
oxygen
Which of the following statements is the best explanation of what happens to the temperature and carbon dioxide concentration during a 1-hour class period in a classroom of 300 students if the heating and air-conditioning is turned off and all doors are k
temperature and the level of carbon dioxide rise as heat and carbon dioxide are by products of cellular respiration
a small amount of atp is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes
transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to adp by substrate level phosphorylation
where to the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell
the cytosol
which of the following is the process in which glucose is oxidized to generate two molecules of pyruvate in which atp and nadh are produced
none (aka not the citric acid cycle, fermentation, chemiosmosis, or the oxidation of pyruvate) the correct answer is glycolysis
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________.
human cells must also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them
there is no production of carbon dioxide in glycolysis. what is the best explanation for that fact
the production of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material
which of the following molecules in the process of glycolysis possesses the most chemical energy
fructose 1,6 biphosphate
which of the following processes generates most of the nadh that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain
the citric acid cycle
in an experiment mice were fed glucose containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen, the mice were closely monitored and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in
carbon dioxide
in preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs
pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. the electrons removed in the process are used to produce nad+ and nadh
why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle
The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.
In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?
two atp, six nadh, two fadh2
where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells
the matrix of the mitochondrion
how many molecules of atp are gained by substrate level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen
4
which of the following represents the major energy related accomplishment of the citric acid cycle even though it is not the only energy related accomplishment
formation of nadh and fadh2
after completion of the citric acid cycle most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of
nadh
which of the following events accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa before the citric acid cycle
release of co2 and synthesis of nadh
the energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in which of the following processes
pumping h+ across the membrane
energy for synthesizing atp is obtained by atp synthase directly from which of the following processes
the flow of h+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the atp synthase enzyme
when a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. which of the following is the best explanation for this
nad+ and fad are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue
most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes
reducing nad+ to nadh in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle AND producing a proton gradient for atp synthesis in the mitochondria
each atp molecule contains about one percent of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule cellular respiration produces about 32 atp from one glucose molecule. what happens to the rest of the energy i
it is converted to heat
during aerobic respiration molecular oxygen is used for which of the following purposes
at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form h2o
what substances are involved in oxidative phosphorylation
atp adp and oxygen
which of the following best describes the electron transport chain
electrons are passed from one carrier to another releasing a little energy at each step
If a compound that allows protons to freely diffuse across membranes is added to cells that are actively metabolizing glucose via cellular respiration, which of the following processes would stop?
not electron transport, atp synthesis, or glycolysis. it would stop in the mitochondria but substrate level phosphorylation could continue
which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria
movement of electrons down the electron transport chain
in eukaryotic cells the components of the electron transport chain are located in or on
the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
When solid tumors of animals reach a certain size, the center of the tumor begins to die. To prevent this, the tumor can recruit new blood vessels. What purpose does the recruitment of blood vessels to growing tumors serve?
it supplies oxygen so that aerobic cellular respiration can occur instead of fermentation, and it supplies glucose to the rapidly dividing cells of the tumor
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.
enables the cell to recycle the reduced nadh to oxidized nad+
Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds?
lactate
in glycolysis in the absence of oxygen cells need a way to regenerate which compound
nad+
Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do which of the following?
regenerate nad+
in brewing beer maltose, a disaccharide of glucose, is
the substrate for alcoholic fermentation
If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? (eText Concept 9.5)
The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements.
The cells will not be
the first three are correct
of the listed metabolic pathways which os the only pathway found in all organisms
glycolysis
When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, __________ are produced as waste.
amino groups
a gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much atp as a gram of carbohydrate. which of the following best explains this observation
fates are bette electron donors to oxygen than are sugars
If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (eText Concept 9.6)
Less ATP will be produced by the cell.
Less CO2 will be produced by the cell.
the first three answers are correct