the mitochondria
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
cytosol
The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the
reduced; oxidized
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
heat
About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.
2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
glucose
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
The end products of aerobic respiration are
electron transport system
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
gluconeogenesis
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates
NAD and FAD
The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
substrate-level phosphorylation
The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of
chylomicrons
lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
deamination
The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle
iron
element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes
zinc
element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
A
vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments
K
vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors
fat
nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized
radiation
More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of
cytoplasm
where glycolysis takes place in the cell
albumin
protein that most freely fatty acids bind to in the blood
acetyl
molecule (besides NADH & FADH2) that is the end product if the beta-oxidation of fatty acids
food molecules
energy stored in ATP comes from
The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.
How is ATP used in our bodies?
anabolic
Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions?
dehydration synthesis
when water is released (lost) during a reaction
citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
energy produced from aerobic metabolism comes from what two sources?
the citric acid cycle
The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.