Which of the following statements is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?
a. Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.
b. Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources.
c. Metabolism consists of all the chemical and ene
c. Metabolism consists of all the chemical and energy transformation reactions in an organism.
Chemical energy refers to ________ energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
a. Exergonic
b. Kinetic
c. Light
d. Potential
e. Thermal
D. potential
Which of the following statements about anabolic pathways is true?
Select one:
a. They are usually spontaneous chemical reactions.
b. They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
c. They release energy by degrading polymers to monomers.
d. They
b. They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which of the following statements is consistent with this description?
Select one:
a. Organisms acquire energy from, and lose energy to, their surroundings.
b. Because energy must be conserved, or
a. Organisms acquire energy from, and lose energy to, their surroundings.
Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics?
Select one:
a. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
c. The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
d. The entropy of the universe
b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
Select one:
a. Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which stat
b. The decrease in entropy is associated with growth of an organism. As a consequence of growth, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their increased complexity.
Which part of the equation ?G = ?H - T?S tells you if a process is spontaneous?
Select one:
a. ?H
b. ?S
c. ?G
d. T?S
e. All of these values reveal the direction in which a reaction will go.
c. ?G
Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?
Select one:
a. Hydrolysis of ATP provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
b. ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic r
b. ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
Which of the following is changed by the presence of an enzyme in a reaction?
Select one:
a. the G value for the products
b. the G value for the reactants
c. the magnitude of ?G
d. the activation energy
e. the sign of ?G
d. the activation energy
What do the sign and magnitude of the ?G of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?
Select one:
a. Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ?G has anything to do with the speed of a reaction.
b. The sign determines whether the reaction is spontan
a. Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ?G has anything to do with the speed of a reaction.
In the OVERALL process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.
a. glucose ... oxygen
b. glucose ... ATP
c. ATP ... oxygen
d. carbon dioxide ... water
e. oxygen ... ATP
a. glucose ... oxygen
Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?
Select one:
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. substrate-level phosphorylation
c. the citric acid cycle
d. reduction of NADH
e. glycolysis
a. oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration in proper sequence?
a. glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
b. glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; citric acid cycle; oxida
e. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
The function of cellular respiration is to __________.
a. extract usable energy from glucose
b. reduce CO2
c. synthesize macromolecules from monomers
d. produce carbohydrates
e. extract CO2 from the atmosphere
a. extract usable energy from glucose
Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Select one:
a. across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
b. the matrix of the mitochondrion
c. the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
d. the cytosol
e. in the intermembrane space of th
d. the cytosol
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.
Select one:
a. oxygen gas
b. NADH
c. ATP
d. water
e. carbon dioxide
In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?
Select one:
a. Pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are donated to NADH to produce NAD+.
b. Pyruv
Pyruvate is oxidized and a molecule of carbon dioxide is removed. The electrons removed in this process are used to reduce NAD+ to NADH.
Energy for synthesizing ATP is obtained by ATP synthase directly from which of the following processes?
Select one:
a. the movement of electrons through a series of carriers
b. the oxidation of NADH and FADH2
c. the flow of H+ across the inner mitochondri
C. the flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme
Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
Select one:
a. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound.
b. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.
c. Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2.
d. G
Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.
Select one:
a. prevents pyruvate from accumulating
b. extracts a bit more energy from glucose
enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
In which reactions of cellular respiration and fermentation does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?
a. only in the electron transport chain
b. only in the citric acid cycle
c. only in glycolysis
d. in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
d. in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Which of the summary statements below describes the results of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
a. CO2is reduced and O2 is oxidized.
b. O2is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
c. O2is oxidized and H2O is reduced.
d. C6H12O6is oxidi
d. C6H12O6is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?
a. substrate-level phosphorylation
b. the breakdown of glucose into six carbon dioxide molecules
c. the breakdown of an acetyl group to carbon dioxide
d. th
d. the harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Which of the following processes is driven by chemiosmosis?
a. substrate-level phosphorylation
b. synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate
c. reduction of NAD+ to NADH
d. ATP hydrolysis
b. synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate
Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?
a. stomata
b. plasma membrane
c. stroma
d. thylakoid membranes
d. thylakoid membranes
What is the function of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex in the thylakoid membranes?
a. They transfer electrons to NADP+.
b. They synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate.
c. They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chl
c. They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.
What are the products of linear electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
a. heat and fluorescence
b. ATP and NADPH
c. ATP and P700
d. ADP and NADP+
b. ATP and NADPH
Where are ATP synthase complexes located in plant cells?
a. thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane
b. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
c. inner mitochondrial membrane only
d. thylakoid membrane only
b. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?
a. Excited electrons are conveyed from chlorophyll to an electron acceptor.
b. CO2is reduced.
c. Light energy is converted to chemical energy.
d. Photons are absorbed.
e. ATP and NADPH are synthesize
b. CO2is reduced.
The reactions of the Calvin cycle are NOT directly dependent on light, but they usually do NOT occur at night. Why?
a. It is often too cold at night for these reactions to take place.
b. Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night.
c. The Calvin cycle
c. The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated (i.e. from the light reactions).