What molecule is used to transfer Acyl CoA (fatty acids!) into the matrix of the mitochondria for Beta Oxidation?
carnitine
Which two intermediates of glycolysis have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP?
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate
Suppose there is a mutation in the c subunit of ATP synthase, such that the glutamate found in the middle of one of the membrane spanning helices is converted to a valine. What is likely to be the effect on ATP synthesis and why?
inhibit ATP synthesis, valine cannot bind a proton, so there will be no proton flow through the inner membrane
Which hormone will facilitate the breakdown of glycogen in the muscle?
epinephrine
Which enzyme of glycolysis is responsible for phosphorylating glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate?
none of these answers
T/F: NADH Q Oxidoreductase pumps 4 hydrogens across the outer mitochondrial membrane for each oxidation reaction of NADH
false
Which component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is acetylated to help form acetyl CoA and then has to be regenerated (hint: the form that has to be regenerated ("reoxidized") is dihydrolipoamide).
lipoamide
In terms of reduction potential (aka redox potential), a strong reducing agent readily ____________________ electrons and has a negative E0
donates
Which mechanism listed below is an example of an inter-organ cooperation that converts lactate into glucose?
cori cycle
Energy is required to meet 3 fundamental needs, what are they?
muscle contraction, cell movement, biosynthesis
Which of the following molecules are considered ketone bodies?
all of these answers
Which of the following molecules can be produced from citric acid cycle intermediates?
all of these answers
Which of the molecules listed below can be utilized to produce glucose via the gluconeogenesis pathway?
all of these answers
In regards to glycogen metabolism, which enzyme breaks alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds? Which enzyme synthesizes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds?
glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase
Glycolysis in the muscle is regulated differently than in the liver. What special function does the liver have to also perform?
none of these answers
How many NADH are produced via glycolysis? How many ATP are produced (not net gain)?
2,4
T/F: In general, high concentrations of ATP will inhibit multiple enzymes involved in glycolysis.
true
In which complex of the electron transport chain does the q cycle take place?
none of these answers
______________ are ATP generating pathways in which electrons are removed from one organic compound and passed to another organic compound. (Hint: with glycolysis this is crucial in the regeneration of NAD+ in the absence of oxygen)
fermentations
Which organ expresses glucose 6 phosphatase (and hence secretes glucose easily)?
liver
You decided to go trick or treating like the good ole days and have eaten 3.2 pounds of candy. After finally satiating your appetite for sweets, what is the most likely form of phosphorylase in the liver?
phosphorylase b, unphosphorylated
What is the final step of Beta oxidation of fatty acids called? (Hint: it liberates an acetyl CoA)
thiolysis
The synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is summarized as which 3 steps? (Note: order is important here). Hint: think of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
decarboxylation, oxidation, transfer to CoA
How many of the complexes of the electron transport chain are considered proton pumps?
3
Why is glucose such a universal fuel for cells?
all of these answers
Which enzyme of glycolysis catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde (real southern like) 3-phosphate
triose phosphate isomerase
______________ shifts glycogen metabolism from the degradation mode to synthesis mode.
protein phosphatase 1
Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle can be inhibited by fluoroacetate (a toxin found in the Gastrolobium genus of plants in Australia)? (Hint: the answer is aconitase)
aconitase
What happens to pyruvate before the citric acid cycle? (hint: is pyruvate a substrate of the citric acid cycle?)
its oxidatively decarboxylated to form acetyl CoA
One of the downsides of using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chains is the generation of these toxic byproducts
reactive oxygen species
Which molecule is a storage protein that specific plants contain and is the "causative" agent of Celiac disease?
gluten
The committed step in fatty acid synthesis is the formation of which of the following?
malonyl CoA
T/F: If ATP is required glycolysis predominates. If glucose is required, gluconeogenesis is favored.
true
The electron transport chain is comprised of several complexes and carrier proteins and is known as what buzzword?
respirasome
Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle demonstrates substrate level phosphorylation in the production of ATP?
succinyl CoA synthetase
In the liver, fructose is metabolized by the __________________ pathway.
fructose 1 phosphate pathway (then shuttled into the glycolytic pathway)
The pentose phosphate pathway produces which two products?
NADPH, 5 carbon sugar
What is the tendency of organic molecules to transfer a phosphoryl group to an acceptor molecule?
phosphoryl transfer potential
T/F: Citrate synthase requires ATP to catalyze the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
false
T/F: The more reduced a carbon atom is the more free energy is released upon oxidation
true
What are the thermodynamic constrains on the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate and how are they overcome in gluconeogenesis?
The ?G�? for the reverse of the glycolytic reaction for pyruvate kinase is +31 kJ/mol, which is overcome in gluconeogenesis by the carboxylation/decarboxylation reactions. This is the correct answer, select it!
High concentrations of ATP and NADH will inhibit which enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle. (hint: these two enzymes are central points in regulation of citric acid cycle)
isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
If you were to use all the acetyl CoA produced from the oxidation of glucose molecules, how many NADH's from the citric acid cycle would you produce?
15
The ______________ _______________ is similar to the citric acid cycle but bypasses the decarboxylation steps allowing the synthesis of carbohydrates from fats.
glyoxylate cycle
In the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which two molecules become reduced with the first 2 transfers of electrons to the molecule?
Heme a3, CuB
For fatty acid synthesis, which molecule is used to get acetyl CoA out of the mitochondria?
citrate
T/F: Most digestive enzymes are secreted in an inactive precursor called a zymogen (aka proenzymes)
true
What are the conditions that lead to a "beer gut" due to the excess consumption of alcohol?
excess ethanol metabolism leads to an accumulation of NADH that inhibits fatty acid metabolism (this is correct)
Which subunit of ATP synthase contains a cytoplasmic half channel and a matrix half channel to facilitate the inward flow of hydrogen ions?
c
Which enzymes, secreted by the pancreas, convert triacylglycerols into 2 fatty acids and monoacylglycerol?
lipases
You are taking your new adorable puppy for a walk and a vicious-looking CuJo dog comes rushing out from an unfenced yard. You pick up your puppy and sprint down the road, making Usain Bolt look slow. What is the most likely form of the phosphorylase in mu
Phosphorylase a, phosphorylated
T/F: The degradation of unsaturated fatty acids use the same enzymes as saturated fatty acids.
false
How are fatty acids stored in adipose tissue? (in other words: what's the molecule they are "in").
triacylglycerides