False
Heat energy is usually available to do work.
ase
The names of most enzymes end with the suffix - ___
glycolysis
substrate is glucose
intermediate stage
catalyzed by a multienzyme comlplex
citric acid cycle
reduces FAD to FADH2
radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves
which of the following are forms of radiant energy?
aerobic respiration
which makes the most efficient use of the energy in glucose?
electron transport system
the set of proteins in the cristae of the mitochondrion which collectively extract the energy from reduced coenzymes to form ATP are called the ____ _____ ____
three NADH, one ATP
which of the following are formed during one "turn" of the citric acid cycle.
lactate
if oxygen is not present , then pyruvate is converted to ____.
endergonic
most anabolic reactions are also____.
citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH
intermediate stage
2 NADH
it is usually a protein, it decreases activation energy, it is a catalyst
which of the following are true of an enzyme?
violet
which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
the reaction between pyruvate and coenzyme A is catalyzed by ____ ____
formation of chemical bonds, breaking of chemical bonds
which of the following is involved in a chemical reaction?
metabolism
the combination of all catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions is referred to as ___.
energy
the capacity to do work is known as ____.
the energy required to break existing bonds, the activation energy
primary factors that determine the rate of a reaction involving an enzyme are ____
20
complete oxidation of glucose involves at least ____ enzymes
inner membrane
the cristae of a mitochondrion are formed from folds in the _____ _____
triglycerides, glucose, ATP
which funtions primarily as energy storage in the human body?
intermediate stage
substrate is pyruvate
glycolysis
is anaerobic
citric acid cycle
produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
6
in complete oxidation of glucose, a total of _ molecules of water are produced.
ATP
in cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ultimately resides in ____.
endergonic, anabolic
which terms can be applied to most synthesis reactions in the body?
allosteric inhibitor
an ___ _____ binds to a site apart from the active site to prevent an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction
changes in chemical structure & energy, reversibilty or irreversibility
...
active site
the ___ ____ is the location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
6-8
optimal range for most human enzymes
dephosphorylation
the process of removing a phosphate is ____
negative feed
how are metabolic pathways usually regulated?
dehydration, anabolic, synthesis
heat
the energy associated with random motion of ions and not available to do work is ___ heat.
radiant, sound & mechanical energy
which of the following are forms of kinetic energy?
2,2
the net energy output of glycolysis is _ molecules of ATP and _ molecules of NADH.
glucose
most of the carbon in the carbon dioxide we exhale comes from the molecule called
pigment
which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting enzyme activity?
synthesis reaction
the type of chemical reaction that occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a larger chemical stucture is called a ____ reaction
decomposition
the reaction pictured is a ____ reaction
AB ----> A+B
exergonic, catabolic
which of the following terms can be applied to most decomposition reactions in the body?
potential, kinetic
____ energy is the energy of position or stored energy. ____ energy is the energy of motion.
the cytosol, the mitochondria
which of the following are locations of enzymes involved in glucose oxidation?
glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
four basic stages of glucise oxidation in order
thermodynamics
the study of energy transformations is refered to as ____
first
the ____ law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
irreversible
if the rate of a reaction leads to a net loss of reactants, then the reaction is considered _____.
chemical energy is used for synthesis of molecules, chemical energy is used to establish concentration gradients, chemical energy is a form of potential energy
which of the following are true of chemical energy?
saturated
if further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increased in reaction rate, then an enzyme is likely ____ .
pyruvate
the final product of glycolysis is two molecules of ____.
cofactor
a molecule or ion that aides an enzyme to ensure a reaction occurs is known as a _____.
coenzyme
an organic cofactor is known as a ____.
vitamin b12, zinc, NAD
examples of cofactors
beta-oxidation
the process used to convert fatty acids to acetyl coA
the citric acid cycle
the series of reactions following the intermediate stage of aerobic cellular respiration is ____.
`substrate binds to active site, change in enzyme structure leads to induced fit, the change in enzyme stucture stresses bonds in the substrate, substrates bonds are broken, new bonds are formed, the product is released from the enzyme
place the steps in enqyme action in proper order:
optimal
the temperature at which an enzyme functions most efficiently is the ____ temp.
FALSE
glucose is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation
temperature
the following is a significant factor affecting enzyme reaction rates
multienzyme complex
if multiple enzymes in a metabolic pathway are physically attached to each other, they form a ____ _____
exergonic, endergonic
which of the following terms can be used to classify reactions based on the relative amounts of energy in reactants and products
True
extracting energy from fatty acids to make ATP always requires oxygen
deaminated
the type of amino acids that may enter glycolysis, the intermediate stage, and the citric acid cycle at different points are ____ amino acids.
matrix of the mitochondrion, inner membrane of the mitochondrion
the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the ____.
phosphofructokinase
the main enzyme involved in the overall regulation of glycolysis is
citrate
as the citric acid cycle enters a new "lap" oxaloacetic acid is combined with acetyl CoA to produce
hydrolysis, catabolic, decomposition
the reaction pictrured is a _____ reaction
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
which of the following organic molecules may be oxided to generate ATP
one
most enzymes are capable of catalyzing ___ reaction.
succinyl CoA synthetase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumerase, malate dehydrogenase
place the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in order
oxidation - reduction
an ____ _____ reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from one chemical structure to another.
exergonic
in an ____ reaction, the amount of energy in the products is less than the amount of energy in the reactants.
oxidative phosphorylation
in aerobic respiration, the ATP production method requiring oxygen is known as ____ .
second
if 100% of the energy was to be transferred from one from to another with no generation of heat, the ____ law of thermodynamics would be violated.
substrate concentration
given the y-axis in the pictured graph is rate of reaciton, and looking at the shape of the graph, what should the x-axis be titled?
h pumps, ATP synthetase, elecron carriers
which of the following are considered part of the eletron transport system?
citrate synthetase
the key enzyme in the regulation of the citric acid cycle is ____ _____
metabolic
a reaction that involves both decompostion and synthesis is called a _____ reaction
electrical
the propagation of an impulse in a neuron is an example of ___ energy.
temperature
the measurement of heat
sound
the vibrating string on a violin imparts ____ energy to the air around it.
gamma rays
radiant energy could penetrate the body and mutate DNA