protein phosphatase 1 (PPC1c)
hydrolyzes phosphoryl-groups from target proteins; activated in response to insulin signaling
glycogen phosphorylase
required a PLP-cofactor and inorganic phosphate ion for activity
glycogen synthase
less active when phosphorylated; most significant enzyme enzyme controlling flux of glycogen synthesis
phosphoglucomutase
catalyzes reaction that functions close to equilibrium; required activity to allow G1P liberated form glycogen to enter glycolysis
phosphorylation activates
glycogen phosphorylation
glucagon activates
liver phosphorylase kinase
epinephrine inhibits
synthesis of glycogen
Ca2+ release activates
breakdown of glycogen
E1-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
TPP
complex ii
accepts electrons from FADH2, also functions in CAC
coenzyme Q (CoQ)
mobile electron carrier that passes electrons to complex iii
complex I
accepts electrons from NADH
complex iv
uses oxygen as terminal electron acceptor
mild deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase leads to
low blood sugar due to inability of liver to adequately degrade glycogen granules
NAD+
undergoes net reduction by citric acid cycle
yield from citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA
2 CO2 + 3 NADH + 1FADH2 + 1 GTP
citric acid cycle is considered __________ because intermediates are involved in biosynthetic reactions, and an intermediate of glucose in the liver is __________
amphibolic; oxalacetate
during electron transport, electrons are passed between complexes that
have increasingly stronger electron affinities
fructose
hexose that's metabolized most different from glycose in liver tissue
Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG)
are secondary messengers in phosphatidylinositide signaling pathway
PEPCK, pyruvate carboxylase, FBPase-I
catalyze reactions in gluconeogenesis
G6P has no effect on
CAC activity