Exam 2 & 3 Questions

protein phosphatase 1 (PPC1c)

hydrolyzes phosphoryl-groups from target proteins; activated in response to insulin signaling

glycogen phosphorylase

required a PLP-cofactor and inorganic phosphate ion for activity

glycogen synthase

less active when phosphorylated; most significant enzyme enzyme controlling flux of glycogen synthesis

phosphoglucomutase

catalyzes reaction that functions close to equilibrium; required activity to allow G1P liberated form glycogen to enter glycolysis

phosphorylation activates

glycogen phosphorylation

glucagon activates

liver phosphorylase kinase

epinephrine inhibits

synthesis of glycogen

Ca2+ release activates

breakdown of glycogen

E1-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

TPP

complex ii

accepts electrons from FADH2, also functions in CAC

coenzyme Q (CoQ)

mobile electron carrier that passes electrons to complex iii

complex I

accepts electrons from NADH

complex iv

uses oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

mild deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase leads to

low blood sugar due to inability of liver to adequately degrade glycogen granules

NAD+

undergoes net reduction by citric acid cycle

yield from citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA

2 CO2 + 3 NADH + 1FADH2 + 1 GTP

citric acid cycle is considered __________ because intermediates are involved in biosynthetic reactions, and an intermediate of glucose in the liver is __________

amphibolic; oxalacetate

during electron transport, electrons are passed between complexes that

have increasingly stronger electron affinities

fructose

hexose that's metabolized most different from glycose in liver tissue

Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG)

are secondary messengers in phosphatidylinositide signaling pathway

PEPCK, pyruvate carboxylase, FBPase-I

catalyze reactions in gluconeogenesis

G6P has no effect on

CAC activity