They both provide energy for living organisms. The CO2 and H2O released in cellular respiration are converted through photosynthesis to sugar and O2, which are then used in cellular respiration
Connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
When O2 is taken in by the lungs and passed to the bloodstream, the bloodstream carries O2 to the muscle cells, where it's used in the process of cellular respiration to harvest energy from glucose and other molecules. Muscle cells use ATP generated by ce
Connection between breathing and cellular respiration
It provides cells with the energy they need to function and provides products that are used as reactants in photosynthesis
Purpose of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat
Cellular respiration equation
To keep the heart pumping blood and to keep you breathing. Also to maintain brain cells
The bodys use of ATP
During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP
How cells extract energy from glucose
The transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Oxidation is a loss of electrons and reduction is a gain of electrons
Redox reactions
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of a three-carbon compound. The three-carbon compound is oxidized to pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP and 2 NADH; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in cytosol
Glycolysis
The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coA, with the release of CO2 and the production of NADH. A preparatory reaction to the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate Oxidation
A chemical cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl coA to CO2. This cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry out electrons to the electron transport cha
The Citric Acid Cycle
1. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and given of as CO2
2. The two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
3. A compound called coenzyme A, derived from vitamin B, joins with the two-carbon group to form
Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle
1 FADH2, 3 NADH, 2 carbons from acetyl coA, 2 CO2
How many FADh2, NADH are produced, how many carbons from acetyl coA are added, and how many CO2 are released during one turn of the citric acid cycle?
In the mitochondria, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down the electron transport chain to O2, which picks up H+ to form H2O. Energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. Through chemiosmosis, the H+ gr
Oxidative Phosphorylation
An important enzyme in the process of oxidizing glucose that accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH
NAD+
A redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain
FADH2
The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the narrow intermediate space
What happens as electrons are passed down the energy "staircase
32 ATP
Number of ATP per glucose produced during each stage of aerobic cellular respiration
Reactant: glucose
Products: pyruvate, ATP
Reactants and products of glycolysis
Reactants: pyruvate, glucose, acetyl coA
Products: CO2, ATP
Reactants and products of the citric acid cycle
Reactant: O2
Products: H2O, ATP
Reactants and products of oxidative phosphorylation
How ATP is made in glycolysis. The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule
Ex: one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway
Ex: glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis
Intermediates
The energy compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Acetyl CoA
The reactants of alcohol is glucose, its product is 2 ethyl alcohol and its energy yield is 2 ATP. Lactic acid reactant is glucose, its product is 2 lactic acid and its energy yield is 2 ATP
Energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentations
Oxygen
Fermentation does NOT require....
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, and NADH is oxidized back to NAD+. Muscle cells use this process when the need for ATP outpaces delivery of O2 via bloodstream
Process of lactic acid fermentations
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2. Yeasts and certain bacteria recycle NADH back to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
Process of alcoholic acid fermentations
The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP
Aerobic Respiration
A form of incomplete intracellular breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds in the absence of oxygen that releases energy; makes a total of 2 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Where the electron transport chain is located in eukaryotes
NADH and FADH2
The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is found in...
To supply electrons needed for the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation
Main role of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle
Chemiosmosis
Where does most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration come from
Heat
The rest of the energy after glucose produces ATP is converted to...
Anaerobic
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
A process where a sugar is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Example of fermentation
They have the same reactants
How are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation similar?
Pyruvate
The final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation is...
False
True or False?
During the oxidation of glucose, a net gain of ATP only occurs under aerobic conditions
It's an alternative method of freeing up NAD+ in order to keep glycolysis running
Purpose of fermentation
Glycolysis
Which pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
Cytoplasm
Where fermentation occurs
regenerate NAD+ necessary for glycolysis to continue
The main purpose of fermentation is to...
O2
What is not a product of fermentation?
2 ATP
The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and fermentation is the production of...