Vacuole
Can take up to 90% of the volume in plant cells. Functions in storage and osmoregulation (letting ions in and out)
Nucleus
Envelope has two membranes. stores genetic information. Polyploidy>normal> 2n.
Plastids
3 types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. Sites of food manufacture and storage
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Function in photosynthesis and storage
Chromoplasts
Contain carotenoid pigments. Storage of carotenoid, few thylakoids. Often responsible for the yellow, orange, or red colors of many flowers.
Leucoplasts
Lack pigments entirely. Some (amyloplasts) store starch; others form oils
Amyloplasts
Type of leucoplast. Store starch, usually in organs not exposed to light or inner regions of stems.
Mitochondria
Inner membrane is folded into cristae. Sites of cellular respiration. ETC in inner membrane, and citric acid cycle in matrix.
Peroxisomes
Contain enzymes for a variety of processes such as photorespiration and conversion of fats to sucrose.
ER
Protein synthesis (rough) and lip synthesis (smooth). Channels materials throughout cell. Also functions in communication.
Golgi apparatus
Secrete and repackage molecules. Glycoprotein production. Contains vesicles to transport to other regions of the cell or to the plasma membrane.
Cytoskeleton
Complex network of protein filaments, consisting of microtubules and actin filaments. Moves cytoplasm and other organelles (cytoplasmic streaming).
Cell wall
Made up of cellulose (repeating monomers of glucose). Contains pectins, hemicelluoses, and glycoproteins (hydrophillic). Hydrophobic components are lignin (stiffens cellulose, resist compressive forces) and suberin (water proof cell walls).
Middle lamella (cell wall)
Pectin-rich layer between cells. Function: cements adjacent cells together.
Plasmodesmata
Interconnect protoplasts of adjacent cells, providing a pathway for the transport of substances.
Key points of mitosis and cytokinesis
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Apical meristem
Meristems located at tips of all roots and shoots. Involved with extension of plant body.
Tunica (apical meristem)
outer layer of cell. Produces the epidermis
Corpus (apical meristem)
Produces the ground meristem (produces ground tissues)
Protoderm
Generates the epidermis
Ground meristem
(corpus) generates ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma)
Procambium
Produces primary xylem and primary phloem
phyllotaxy determination
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