Which are considered part of the electron transport system?
H+ pumps
electron carriers
ATP synthetase
If oxygen is present, glucose can be completely broken down into ___ and ___
water, carbon dioxide
The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the ___
matrix
The folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are called ___
cristae
The structure indicated by the thick arrows in the pictures are___
the electron transport chain
The cristae of a mitochondrion are formed from the folds in the ___ ____
inner membrane
In cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ultimately resides in ____
ATP
The ability to change one type of nutrient biomolecule into another is known as ____
interconversion
A 5'2 woman weighing 110 lbs will have a ___ BMR that a 6'1 man weighing 190lbs
lower
What mineral binds oxygen in red blood cells and binds electrons in the electron transport chain?
iron
Which options are required to be on nutrition labels?
Total Fat content
Servings per container
calories per serving
Which factors can influence our nutrient requirements?
age
gender
body mass
Which hormone has the most profound effect on body temp?
thyroid hormone
Vitamins serve many roles in the body including ___?
formation of visual pigments
blood clotting
calcium absorption
Once a VLDL drops off triglycerides to a tissue, it becomes a ___.
LDL
While you are sleeping your body must rely on stored nutrients in order to maintain homeostasis so you are in the ___ state.
postabsorptive
Our body is able to synthesize some of the 20 amino acids it needs to produce proteins. These amino acids are called ___ amino acids.
nonessential
Food labels are required to have which of the following info?
vitamins
total fat
calories
Which of the following categories are correctly identified as types of nutrients which must be consumed?
macronutrients
micronutrients
essential nutrients
Cellulose is a good source of ___ in our diet and helps 'keep you regular'.
fiber
In addition to supplying our body with amino acids, proteins are a good source of:
nitrogen
Cholesterol produced by the liver is released into the body as which of the following?
bile salts
VLDLs
What are the four food categories found on MyPlate?
vegetables
proteins
fruits
___ deliver cholesterol from the liver to the cells where they are engulfed via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
LDLs
___ is a lipid commonly found in animal cell membranes, from which steroids, bile salts and fat-soluble vitamins are made.
cholesterol
Liver lobules contain modified capillaries known as ___.
sinusoids
Which options are correctly identified as a fat-soluble vitamin?
D
E
K
A
If our diet contains only incomplete proteins, we will not have all of the essential ___ we need in order to survive.
amino acids
___ are fats composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
triglycerides
Low blood sugar levels stimulate the pancreas to produce the hormone ___.
glucagon
Match the term with a definition:
1. Vegetarian
2. Lacto-ovo Vegetarian
1. does not eat meat
2. does not eat flesh; does eat milk, eggs, and cheese
Your New Year's resolution is to drastically reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet by eating less meat and more fruits and vegetables. After a few months, your liver will respond by producing ___ cholesterol.
more
If our body starts to get too cold, the hypothalamus will initiate which of the following?
shivering
vasoconstriction in the extremities
You drink a can of soda pop. What events happen after?
1. blood sugar levels rise
2. pancreas releases insulin
3. blood sugar levels fall
VLDL do?
delivers triglycerides from the liver to the cells
LDL
delivers cholesterol from the liver to the cells
HDL
delivers lipids from the cells to the liver
Blood flows out the middle of a liver lobule through the ___ vein.
central
Mineral function: Fe (iron)
binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS
Mineral function: Ca (calcium)
blood clotting, bone formation
Mineral function: I (iodine)
integral part of thyroid hormone
Mineral function: Zn (zinc)
protein synthesis, wound healing
In 2011, the USDA replaced the food pyramid with ___ to help people see the proportions and types of foods they need to eat in order to stay healthy.
my plate
A disaccharide found in milk, and thus also called 'milk sugar' is?
Lactose
Minerals are ___ ions.
inorganic
The hormone ___ is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels.
insulin
T/F: Our body can synthesize most of the needed vitamins and minerals.
false
Which blood cholesterol levels would indicate an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease?
High LDLs
High total cholesterol
Low HDLs
The most important factor affecting a person's basal metabolic rate is their:
body surface area
Lipids are carried in the blood bound to proteins because:
they are hydrophobic
Which are metabolic functions of the liver?
carbohydrate metabolism
detoxification
lipid metabolism
___ is the study of the means by which an organism both obtains and utilizes nutrients.
nutrition
Which are products of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
CO2
acetyl CoA
The enzymes of the electron transport system are located in the ___ membrane of the mitochondria.
inner
By the end of the citric acid cycle, the carbon atoms of glucose have been transferred to ___.
carbon dioxide
Proteins are broken down into amino acids by:
enzymes
The descending colon is ___ and found along the ___ side of the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal/left
In the oral cavity, food is mixed with saliva to form a wet mass called a ___.
bolus
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum is the?
peritoneal cavity
Disaccharides are an example of a:
carbohydrate
Identify the true statements regarding lipids.
cholesterol is a type of lipid
glycerol is a component of triglycerides
The ____ concentrates bile produced by the ___ and stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion.
gallbladder/liver
At specific locations along the GI tract, the inner circular muscle layer is greatly thickened to form a ___.
sphincter
Important accessory digestive organs are the ___, the ___, and the ___.
liver/pancreas/gallbladder
The ___ are designed for slicing or cutting into food.
incisors
What are the 5 types of secretory cells from the gastric epithelium.
1. parietal cell
2. chief cell
3. enteroendocrine cell
4. mucous neck cell
5. surface mucous cell
The internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus is called the ___ orifice.
cardiac
The ___ are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the ___.
premolars/molars
The 3 phases of swallowing are the ___ phase, the ___ phase, and the ___ phase.
1. esophageal
2. pharyngeal
3. voluntary
The muscularis of the stomach becomes increasingly thicker as it progresses from the ___ to the ___
body/pylorus
The transverse colon is?
intraperitoneal
Identify the essential nutrients
water
vitamins
lipids
The cecum extend inferiorly from the ___ ___
ileocecal valve
After the bolus has been completely processed in the stomach, the product is called?
chyme
Three pairs of multicellular salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity: the ___, ___, and ____ glands.
1. submandibular
2. parotid
3. sublingual
When you swallow, the soft palate and the ___ elevate to close off the posterior entrance into the nasopharynx.
uvula
The nerves associated with the GI tract consist of both ___ motor and sensory axons.
autonomic
The tunics comprising the GI tube wall are the ___, the ___, the ___, and the ___ or serosa.
1. submucosa
2. mucosa
3. muscularis
4. adeventitia
The stomach is a muscular J-shaped sac that occuples the left upper quadrant of the abdomen immediately inferior to the?
diaphragm
The volume of saliva secreted daily ranges between ___ liters.
1.0-1.5
BMR can be measured using which of the following instruments?
calorimeter
respirometer
Fats and oils are dietary sources of?
triglycerides
Water-soluble vitamins
B,C
Which are the three major nutrient biomolecules?
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
Your father's annual physical exam shows he has a low level of HDLs. This concerns you because you know this puts him at increased risk for:
a heart attack
Which are formed during one "turn" of the citric acid cycle?
3 NADH
1 ATP
In aerobic respiration, the ATP production method requiring oxygen is known as?
substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
In complete oxidation of glucose, a total of ___ molecules of water are produced.
6
T/F: glucose is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation.
False
As the citric acid cycle enter a new "lap", oxaloacetic acid is combined with acetyl CoA to produce
citrate
Which of the following are locations of enzymes involved in glucose oxidation?
the cytosol
the mitochondria
The ultimate fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis is dependent on presence or absence of ___.
oxygen
How many molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis?
4
The first stage of glucose oxidation is known as ___.
glycolysis
The absorption of nutrients across the digestive tract involves transport of which of the following substances?
water
digested material
electrolytes
vitamins
When you swallow, the soft palate and the ____ elevate to close off the posterior entrance into the nasopharynx.
uvula
Most of the bone of the hard palate exhibits prominent transverse ___ folds.
palatine
The gallbladder has 3 tunics: an ___, a ___, and an ___.
1. inner mucosa
2. middle muscularis
3. external serosa
The ___ is the dome-shaped region lateral and superior to the esophageal connection with the stomach.
fundus
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ___ when salivary ___ start their breakdown.
mouth/amylase
Which cells in the liver line the sinusoids and have a star-shape?
Kupffer cells
reticuloendothelial cells
The ___ state includes the time from which you eat a meal until the time you absorb the nutrients and generally lasts about 4 hours.
absorptive
Glycolysis:
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates
2 ATP, 2 NADH
anaerobic
Intermediate Stage:
each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
2 NADH
substrate is pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle:
acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Electron Transport System:
energy in NADH and FADH2 is used to make ATP
The 6 essential nutrients are carbs, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water, and ____.
proteins
The body (corpus) is the ___ region of the stomach.
largest
The main cranial nerves associated with the GI tract motor output are which of the following?
vagus
glossopharyngeal
facial
The ___ of the anal canal release extra mucin during defecation. This extra mucus lubricates the ___ during defecation.
sinuses/canal
The teeth are collectively known as the ___.
dentition
The fibers of the inner layer of smooth muscle are oriented ___ around the organ are called the inner ___ layer.
circumferentially/circular
Which are lipids?
steroids
triglycerides
phospholipids
Glycolysis is regulated by negative feedback. ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor to "turn off" the enzyme called?
phosphofructokinase
NAD+ and FADH are molecules called ___, which are reduced to pick up energy from the various stages of the breakdown of glucose.
coenzymes
A carbon and two oxygens are removed from pyruvate in a process known as?
decarboxylation
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the___.
matrix of the mitochondrion
By the end of the citric acid cycle, the carbon atoms of glucose have been transfered to?
carbon dioxide
Energy from glycolysis, the intermediate stage and the citric acid cycle is brought to the electron transport system by?
FADH2
NADH
The energy from 2 ATP molecules is consumed during glucose oxidation. What is the energy used for?
to transport NADH
Glucose ___is the step-by-step breakdown of glucose to release energy for the synthesis of ATP.
oxidation
Which are true of cellular respiration?
the processes are exergonic
organic molecules are oxidized
Most of the carbon in the carbon dioxide we exhale comes from the molecule called?
glucose
The series of reactions following the intermediate stage of aerobic cellular respiration is ___
the citric acid cycle
The final product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of ___.
pyruvate
The set of proteins in the cristae of the mitochondrion which collectively extract the energy from reduced coenzymes to form ATP are called the ___ ___ ___.
electron transport chain
Which makes the most efficient use of the energy in glucose?
aerobic respiration
Which of the following organic molecules may be oxidized to generate ATP?
glucose
fatty acid
amino acids
____-____ is the process used to convert fatty acids to acetyl coA
beta-oxidation
The ___ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity.
total
In which stage of cellular respiration is a glucose molecule broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules?
glycolysis
A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following?
gender
age
body surface area
A ____ is the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
calorie
Which are minerals?
calcium
zinc
iron
The government has established dietary guidelines in the form of ___ daily allowances.
recommended
Which carbohydrate is a disaccharide found in table sugar?
sucrose
Your core body temp is the temp of which body parts?
torso
head
___ are organic molecules which are required for normal metabolism but are only present in small amounts in food.
vitamins
If you are lacking an essential vitamin, you suffer from ___.
avitaminosis
Which are dietary sources of protein?
fish
nuts
beans
Your ___ metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest.
basal
The USDA MyPlate includes which of the following categories of food?
vegetables, fruits, grains
The reaction of the ___ ___ of aerobic cellular respiration is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase.
intermediate stage
From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ___ feet and a diameter of ___ inches.
5/2.5
The digestive system performs 6 main functions: ___, ___, motility, ___, ___, and elimination of wastes.
digestion
secretion
ingestion
absorption
The pancreas is referred to as a mixed gland because it exhibits bothe ___ and ____ functions.
endocrine
exocrine
In the large intestine, mass movements are powerful, peristaltic-like contractions involving the ___ ___ that propel fecal material toward the rectum.
teniae coli
Ingested nutrients spend at least ___ hours in the SI as chemical digestion and absorption are completed.
12
The roots of the teeth fit tightly into dental ___, which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible
alveoli
The liver lies in the ___ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ___.
right/diaphragm
The gallbladder has 3 regions ___, ___, and fundus.
body
neck
The teeth are bound to the alveolar processes to form a gomphosis joint by the ___, the ____, and the ___.
periodontal ligaments
dental alveoli
roots
Vestibule
space between cheek and gums
Lips
AKA labia
Cheeks
covered externally by buccinator muscles
Labial Frenulum
internal surfaces of both superior/inferior labia are attached to the ginglvae
You are on a long overnight flight to Asia and have not had any food for many hours. Place the following events in order:
glucose levels drop
release glucagon
glucose levels go up
Basic steps in glycolysis in order:
1. glucose split into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2. NADH and ATP form
3. ATP and pyruvate form
Place the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in order:
1. citrate synthetase
2. aconitase
3. isocitrate dehydrogenase
4. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5. succinyl CoA synthetase
Place the intermediate substrates of glycolysis in order
1. glucose
2. glucose 6-P
3. fructose 6-P
4. fructose 1,6-P
5. glyceraldehyde 3-P
If levels of NADH and ATP are low, the activity of citrate synthetase is likely to be ___.
high
Phosphofructokinase contains an allosteric regulatory site which binds to ___.
ATP
In the absence of oxygen, all the ATP produced from glucose comes from
glycolysis
The hydrogen atoms needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid come from?
NADH
Following the intermediate stage of glucose oxidation, where is the remaining useful chemical energy found?
in acetyl CoA
T/F: ATP synthetase rotates during ATP production
true
The key enzyme in the regulation of the citric acid cycle is ___ ___.
citrate synthetase
In order to form lactic acid H+ is transferred from ___ to ___.
NADH/pyruvate
If the electron transport chain does not oxidize NADH to NAD+, what may happen to glycolysis?
it may eventually stop
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the ___.
matrix of the mitochondrion
The kinetic energy of electrons passing between electron carriers is used to pump H+ (protons) from the ___ to the ___.
matrix; outer compartment
The type of amino acids that may enter glycolysis, the intermediate stage, and the citric acid cycle at different points are ___ amino acids
deaminated
Energy from glycolysis, the intermediate stage, and the citric acid cycle is brought to the electron transport system by ___.
NADH
FADH2