According to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. Which of the following has been identified as a problem with this offender?
a. They will generally repeat the offense in the future.
b. They are extremely diffic
b. They are extremely difficult to rehabilitate.
Half of those entering state prisons are ________years old.
a. between 25 and 32
b. younger than 18
c. between 18 and 27
d. older than 35
c. between 18 and 27
A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a:
a. child molester.
b. rapist.
c. a social deviant.
d. sex offender.
d. sex offender.
Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?
a. differ markedly from
b. be markedly similar to
c. vastly like
d. be indistinguishable from
a. differ markedly from
The drug abuser presents ______________problems for corrections
a. indistinct and hardly any
b. classification and organizational
c. very few significant
d. both treatment and management]
d. both treatment and management]
The treatment program that has consistently proven to be successful for the alcohol abuser in general population but less successful for those in the correctional population is:
a. psychotherapy.
b. milieu therapy.
c. group counseling.
d. Alcoholics Anony
d. Alcoholics Anonymous.
A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?
a. Rapist
b. prostitutes
c. child molesters
d. all these
c. child molesters
The decision to _______is a factor influencing the filtering process:
a. Pigeonhole
b. grant bail
c. violate the law
d. Acquit
b. grant bail
In a typical group of thirty or so young adults it is likely that __________ has been locked up.
a. at least five
b. at least one
c. at least half
d. no one
b. at least one
Every offender assigned to corrections is:
a. guilty.
b. violent.
c. Unique.
d. drug addicted.
c. Unique.
The most slippery concept in the classification of offenders is that of the:
a. career criminal.
b. violent.
c. sex offender.
d. mentally ill.
a. career criminal.
Most sexual offenses do not involve:
a. Violence.
b. coercion.
c. acquaintances.
d. the police.
a. Violence.
In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on:
a. their needs for treatment.
b. risk.
c. security issues they pose to the prison.
d. all of these.
d. all of these.
One key method shown to prevent AIDS transmission is through:
a. education.
b. passing out condoms.
c. prohibiting homosexual behavior.
d. legalizing drugs.
a. education.
Correctional treatment programs have proven to be most effective with:
a. compulsive and habitual drug abusers.
b. pedophiles.
c. career criminals.
d. none of these.
d. none of these.
The career criminal has several attributes:
a. his occupation
b. inexperienced
c. psychologically abnormal
d. believes he will never be caught
a. his occupation
References to "types" of offenders means they:
a. are easily stereotyped because their actions are so similar.
b. are fairly predictable for purposes of parole.
c. share important characteristics even though they vary in others.
d. behave very similarly f
c. share important characteristics even though they vary in others.
Most people would hardly call their own job a _________ if they had been seen at work only three or four times.
a. habit
b. career
c. plan
d. calling
b. career
To combat ambiguities in classification, correctional administrators have started using:
a. more subjective criteria in an attempt to successfully predict future criminal behavior.
b. expanded criteria to admit all relevant facts and use those facts invol
d. classification systems that recognize similarities and differences between offenders.
In recent years, America's prison population has been:
a. getting younger.
b. aging.
c. shrinking.
d. all of these.
b. aging.
A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of____________.
a. conditions
b. confinement
c. length of sentence
d. sentence
b. confinement
Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has:
a. ministerial liability.
b. personal liability.
c. civil liability.
d. strict liability.
c. civil liability.
The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.
a. permits
b. fosters
c. enhances
d. eliminates
d. eliminates
Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights?
a. The maintenance of stable prison populations
b. The maintenance of institutional order
c. The maintenance of in
a. The maintenance of stable prison populations
In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various _________rights.
a. habeas corpus
b. Privacy
c. due process
d. administrative
c. due process
Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
a. Wolff v. McDonnell
b. Holt v. Sarver
c. Estelle v. Gamble
d. Pugh v. Locke
a. Wolff v. McDonnell
Prior to the 1960s courts maintained a/an __________ with respect to corrections.
a. invasive policy
b. administrative policy
c. hands-off policy
d. inquisitive policy
c. hands-off policy
The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment, are known as:
a. a rational basis test.
b. totality of the conditions.
c. totality of the circumstances.
d. leas
b. totality of the conditions.
For most of United States history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the:
a. federal government.
b. unlawful masses.
c. state legislatures.
d. the President.
a. federal government.
According to Clear, Cole, and Reisig, the overall results of the turbulent inmate rights period:
a. were positive.
b. were negative.
c. were problematic.
d. were useless.
a. were positive.
The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in:
a. 1960.
b. 1868.
c. 1789.
d. 1810.
b. 1868.
Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?
a. improvement in institutional living conditions and administrative practices of many prisons
b. review by correctional officials of many of their procedures
c. both of these
The Anti-Terrorism Act imposes __________ limit to file a federal habeas petition.
a. a five-year
b. a one-year
c. a two-year
d. no
b. a one-year
The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety and the environment to implement which of the following:
a. statutes.
b. case laws.
c. regulations.
d. precedent.
c. regulations.
Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights:
a. Cooper v. Pate
b. Terry v. Ohio
c. Carroll v US
d. Gregg v GA
a. Cooper v. Pate
In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled that the detainees at Guantanamo Bay are entitled to:
a. a lawyer.
b. challenge the conditions of their confinement.
c. one hour of exercise a day.
d. file writs of habeas corpus.
d. file writs of habeas corpus.
The first case recognized by the Supreme Court which recognized prisoners' rights involved the case of:
a. brutality and physical conditions.
b. challenges to convictions.
c. due process.
d. medical treatment.
a. brutality and physical conditions.
With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are:
a. executive personnel.
b. private contractors.
c. public employees.
d. management.
c. public employees.
During the early 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to _________most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights:
a. respect.
b. reject.
c. regulate.
d. reconstruct.
a. respect.
The courts have upheld the right of female corrections officers to:
a. pat down only female prisoners.
b. pat down only male prisoners.
c. pat down male prisoners when a male officer is also present.
d. pat down both male and female prisoners.
d. pat down both male and female prisoners.
Some lower courts have upheld rules in conflict with the ______ Amendment protections because they were the least restrictive method of dealing with an institutional problem.
a. First
b. Fourth
c. Eighth
d. Fourteenth
a. First
According to the Supreme Court, the term "totality of conditions" may be legally interpreted as:
a. cruel and unusual punishment.
b. Unfair
c. unreasonable.
d. irrational.
a. cruel and unusual punishment.
The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?
a. First
b. Fourth
c. Eighth
d. Fourteenth
c. Eighth
One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to:
a. keep good records.
b. get a mentor.
c. follow institutional procedures.
d. all of these.
d. all of these.
During the last 25 years the Supreme Court has been __________ prisoners' rights.
a. less supportive of
b. more supportive of
c. detached from
d. less indifferent
a. less supportive of
________ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.
a. two thirds
b. one half
c. one third
d. one quarter
a. two thirds
Older prisoners are more likely to:
a. break prison rules.
b. prefer solitude.
c. seek gang membership for protection.
d. be less stable.
b. prefer solitude.
The __________ offender is most likely to be the object of exploitation and practical jokes while incarcerated.
a. situational
b. career
c. mentally handicapped
d. alcohol
c. mentally handicapped
When we talk about characteristics associated with criminal offenders, we can conclude that:
a. there is much diversity with respect to the backgrounds of prisoners.
b. on the whole, while unique differences do exist, there are still many similarities amo
c. it is difficult (if not impossible) to make any general statements about criminal offenders.
More prisoners serve __________ sentences in the United States than in any other Western nation.
a. life
b. death
c. short
d. long
d. long
Overall, jail population sizes tend to be:
a. stable.
b. small.
c. variable
d. constant
c. variable
Which of the following pressures are not experienced by the local jail?
a. The direction of the jail is influenced by local law enforcement officials.
b. Local politics, in particular party patronage, influences the operation of the jail.
c. Local offende
c. Local offender assistance programs are usually operated by community self-help volunteers.
According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:
a. the warehousing of the surplus population of immigrants.
b. detention of those sentenced by the court.
c. to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
d. to infl
c. to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
Jails are the _________ the criminal justice system.
a. the most valued part of
b. exitway from
c. barrier to
d. entry point into
d. entry point into
A system where jail operations are funded by a set amount paid for each prisoner held per day is:
a. a welfare system.
b. a fixed rate system.
c. a fee system.
d. a provider system.
c. a fee system.
The nation has just over __________ jails.
a. 1,500
b. 2,800
c. 4,200
d. 1,000
b. 2,800
According to your text, jail suicides are primarily caused by:
a. the limited personal space provided in jail facilities.
b. the crisis nature of arrest and detention.
c. emotional instability, which is exacerbated by the jail experience.
d. both the cris
d. both the crisis nature of arrest and detention and emotional instability.
A common strategy in dealing with offenders with substance dependency problems is:
a. release to an addiction treatment facility.
b. placement in a methadone maintenance program.
c. a steady program of withdrawal within the jail setting.
d. both release t
d. both release to an addiction treatment facility and placement in a methadone maintenance program.
By far the most successful pretrial release program is:
a. unsecured bail.
b. percentage bail.
c. forfeit bail.
d. release on recognizance (ROR).
d. release on recognizance (ROR).
Which statement is not an argument made towards the subject of preventive detention.
a. It may violate the due process provisions of the Constitution.
b. It is typically employed only against property offenders.
c. It is impractical and can be potentially
b. It is typically employed only against property offenders.
Which statement is not an argument made in favor of pretrial diversion.
a. Many offenders cannot be effectively dealt with by the formal criminal justice system.
b. It is much more humane than traditional criminal justice services.
c. It does not promote
a. Many offenders cannot be effectively dealt with by the formal criminal justice system.
According to the authors, which of the following is of particular importance for today's jails?
a. quality of prisoner food
b. quality of recreational programs for offenders
c. legal liability
d. all of these
c. legal liability
__________ are direct descendants of 12th century English feudal practices.
a. Prisons
b. Bail processes
c. Probation
d. Jails
b. Bail processes
Almost 60 percent of America's jails ______ prisoners for at least some of the medical care they receive.
a. Punish
b. Charge
c. turn away
d. reprimand
b. Charge
Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of:
a. an increase of youthful male offenders.
b. overcrowding.
c. lax correctional supervision.
d. inappropriate sexuality behind bars.
b. overcrowding.
Jails are administered by:
a. their state's governor.
b. the federal government.
c. locally-elected officials.
d. the Department of Justice.
c. locally-elected officials.
In the 1800s jails began to change in response to:
a. the penitentiary movement.
b. the king's wishes.
c. capitalism.
d. overcrowding.
a. the penitentiary movement.
Therapeutic justice is a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly:
a. rehabilitative
b. reintegrative
c. reinforced
d. shaming
a. rehabilitative
The jail rate is highest in the:
a. East and South.
b. West and South.
c. West and North.
d. East and North.
b. West and South.
At least _________ people are detained in a jail at some time during the year.
a. 2 to 3 million
b. 4 to 6 million
c. 7 to 8 million
d. 10 million
c. 7 to 8 million
More than half of all jail occupants are:
a. mentally ill.
b. addicted to drugs.
c. awaiting trial.
d. guilty.
c. awaiting trial.
Local correctional workers are:
a. overeducated
b. paid above average for the criminal justice system
c. poorly trained
d. mostly doing clerical work
c. poorly trained
Recently, there has been a major emphasis on programs to __________ offenders awaiting trial.
a. treat
b. convict
c. sentence
d. release
d. release
Who is less likely to be released on their own recognizance?
a. African Americans
b. Women
c. Latinas
d. Whites
a. African Americans
Many, if not most, defendants are:
a. indigent.
b. clueless.
c. white.
d. female.
a. indigent.
What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City?
a. 77 probationers per officer
b. 114 probationers per officer
c. 162 probationers per officer
d. 249 probationers per officer
c. 162 probationers per officer
Which of the following was the first person to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the Boston Police Court in 1841?
a. John Augustus
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Zebulon Brockway
d. Jeremy Benthem
a. John Augustus
Probation was originally used mainly for:
a. first-time offenders.
b. violent offenders.
c. low-level offenders.
d. guilty offenders.
a. first-time offenders.
The majority of probationers in the United States are:
a. white and female.
b. African American and male.
c. white and male.
d. Latino and male.
c. white and male.
__________ conditions provide constraints on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness of probation including fines, community service, and restitution.
a. Standard
b. Technical
c. Punitive
d. Treatment
c. Punitive
__________ is a drug that inhibits drinking.
a. Methadone
b. Cocaine
c. Antabuse
d. Malabuse
c. Antabuse
__________ conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem and need such as substance abuse.
a. Standard
b. Technical
c. Treatment
d. Punitive
c. Treatment
In many states the defense ______________a copy of the PSI report.
a. produces.
b. has total access to.
c. does not receive.
d. has no interest in.
c. does not receive.
Which of the following is an argument for a centralized probation authority?
a. Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times
b. It is able to train staff for a variety of roles
c. It is able to implement broader program with gr
d. All of these.
_____________ conditions provide constraints on probationers including reporting to the probation office, change of address, employment, and not leaving a jurisdiction.
a. Standard
b. Technical
c. Treatment
d. Punitive
a. Standard
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?
a. Williams v. New York
b. Morrisey v. Brewer
c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d. Bell v. Wolfish
a. Williams v. New York
A probation officer faces role conflict every day. This conflict focuses around:
a. the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender.
b. the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
c. personal exp
b. the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on:
a. power.
b. authority.
c. individual rights.
d. public safety.
d. public safety.
In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?
a. The probationer completes the period of probation.
b. Probation caseloads are so large that some probationers have their probation terminated.
c. The probationer commits some misbehavior that
d. Both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?
a. Probation
b. Supervision conditions
c. Home detention
d. Presentence investigation
c. Home detention
The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
a. the 1920s through 1930s
b. the 1980s through 1990s
c. the 1940s through 1960s
d. the 1970s through 1980s
c. the 1940s through 1960s
The organization of probation is:
a. centralized or decentralized
b. administered by judiciary or executive branch
c. combined with parole services
d. all of these.
d. all of these.
Between 1200 and 1827, English law:
a. discriminated against the upper social classes.
b. strove for equality in all matters.
c. discriminated against monks, nuns, and priests.
d. discriminated in favor of the upper social classes.
d. discriminated in favor of the upper social classes.
Judicial reprieve in the United States:
a. found widespread use.
b. was the source of widespread judicial corruption.
c. was never enacted.
d. was declared unconstitutional in 1916.
d. was declared unconstitutional in 1916.
Recognizance was first used in court to recognize a formally recorded ___________to perform some act entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community.
a. indebtedness
b. obligation
c. appreciation
d. debt
b. obligation
________________ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
a. Punitive
b. Medical
c. Decreased reliance on
d. Specialization of
d. Specialization of
Recent interest in the problem of substance abuse has increased the attention given to __________ affected by drugs and alcohol.
a. caseloads
b. communities
c. probationers
d. victims
b. communities
The approved practice for handling revocation of probation:
a. is usually done in the judge's chamber.
b. proceeds in three stages.
c. is to take the offender directly to jail.
d. has been found unconstitutional.
b. proceeds in three stages.
Project HOPE is a specialized approach which identifies the high-risk, chronic violator for close supervision augmented by regular ___________.
a. home visits
b. court reporting
c. drug testing
d. ankle monitoring
c. drug testing
According to the authors, there are now some technological advances in probation to monitor the actions of probations. This includes:
a. computer software
b. interviews
c. video conferencing
d. ankle bracelets
d. ankle bracelets
A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?
a. Rapist
b. prostitutes
c. child molesters
d. all these
c. child molesters
A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?
a. Rapist
b. prostitutes
c. child molesters
d. all these
...
________ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.
a. two thirds
b. one half
c. one third
d. one quarter
a. two thirds