who argued that the crime rate would go down if the amount of punishment were carefully calibrated to deter potential offenders and maximize pleasure?
Jeremy Bentham
Suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act
Jeremy Bentham
who is recognized as the founder of the classical school of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria
Which Christan denomination largely influenced the criminal justice system during the middle ages?
Catholic
in the roman empire a complete loss of citizenship and liberty, confiscation of property, and release of a spouse to remarry is called
Civil death
what set of codifield laws was based on equal retaliation?
code of hammurabi
who worked to alleviate some of the abuses and improve sanitary conditions in correctional facilities?
John Howard
What did the Christian church call a place of seclusion that is conducive to penitence for offenders?
the sanctuary
which of the following philosophers developed the hedonistic calculus?
jeremy bentham
the extensive use of capital and corporal punishement during the middle ages reflected a belief that punishment would
deter potential offenders
what was the first prison in the america?
old newgate prison
what was the catholic church's equivalent to a legal proceeding?
trial by intervention
operated under the notion that acs against one individual were viewed as acts against the victims entire kinship group, therby requiring the victims family, tribe, or community to aid in gaining revenge
blood feuds
a _______ is a cage- like instrument placed over an offender's head that extends iron spikes into the offender's mouth to prevent talking.
bridle
corporal and capital punishmet were not popular during the age of enlightenment
FALSE
among early societies, religious offenses were not considered less dangerous than secular offenses
FALSE
rehabilitation was a major goal of punishment in the early history of corrections
FALSE
the theory of ___________ is defined as when an offender is either temporarily or permanently isolated or maimed as a means of preventing a type of crime in the future
brutalization
what country is the basis for the U.S legal system?
England
William Penn and the Pennsylavnia Quakers, created a body of laws called the
Great laws
abandoned or unusable transport ships anchored in rivers and harbors to confine criminal offenders are known as
Hulks
the infliction of physical pain upon an offender is called
corporal punishment
what was the first American institution exclusively dedicated to the correction of felons?
the Walnut Street Jail
the infliction of physical pain upon an offender is called corporal punishment
TRUE
the ducking stool was a punishment typically reserved for men
FALSE
England transported many offender populations to American and Australia
TRUE
the majority of offenders who had been subjected to transportation were male, skilled, and from the lower classes
FALSE
banishment was the punishment most often used in lieu of capital punishment
TRUE
Who was an opponent of public punishment and also held that punishment should be used to reform the offender rather than existing as a mechanism of humiliation and or revenge?
Benjamin Rush
the two major competing concepts or systems of prison designs used within the united states for the majority of the 20th century were
the philadelphia system and the auburn stystem
the _______ system was an early prison system requiring inmate silence. individual cells, and inmate labor within these cells
pennsylvania
the ___ system was a prison model consisting of small individual cells, a large work area for group labor, and enforced silence
Auburn
the ____ act required that prison products be subject to the laws of any state to which they were shipped
hawes-cooper
the ___ act essentially stopped the interstate transport of prison products by requiring that all prison products shipped out of the state be labeled with the prison name and by prohibiting interstate shipment where state laws forbade it
Ashurst-Sumners
the punishments that the american colonies used were those that had been carried over from
germany
maconochie's principles are often referred to as the ______
Mark system
who was the first director of the federal bureau of prisons
sanford bates
western and eastern penitentiary were designed so that inmates could reside in their cells
indefinitely
____ was/were a significant consequent of inmates incarcerated through the pennsylvania system
mental illnesses
which is the correct timeline for the opening of early American Prisons?
old newgate prison, auburn prison, eastern penitentiary, walnut street jail, western penitentiary
who was the warden behind the development of the auburn system
elam lynds
what supreme court case noted that inmates were "slaves of the state" while they served their sentence?
ruffin V. commonwealth (1871)
the prototype prison farm was in what state
mississippi
the first reformatory was named
elmira reformatory
what largely led to the slow demise of prison industrial programs?
the emergence of labor union movements
____ is the sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender
indeterminate sentencing
which states are the "BIG FOUR in corrections?
California, New york, Texas, Florida
which model of corrections is known as the "get tough" era on crime?
crime control model
punishments that the American colonies used were those that had been carried over from England
TRUE
The structure of the walnut street jail reflects the lack of concern with reforming offenders
FALSE
labor unions contributed to the nd of the industrial prisons
TRUE
the pennsylvania system believed in solitary confinement yet collaborative work
FALSE
Eastern penitentiary was criticized for being very unsanitary
FALSE
ultimately, the auburn system was the model that states adopted due to economic advantages over the pennsylvania system
TRUE
prior to the civil war, seperate laws were required of slaves and free men who turned criminal
TRUE
after the civil war, emancipated African Americans accounted for 90% of those incarcerated
TRUE
which of the following is not a correctional goal or philosophical orientation of punishmenet
incarceration
which philosophical orientation of correctional goal is often referred to as the "eye for an eye" mentality
retribution
which philosophical orientation or correctional goal is inteded to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and themselves are discouraged from committing a like-mannered crime due to fear of punishment?
general deterrence
the primary purpose of this philosophical orientation or correctional goal is aimed solely at the recovery of the offender, regardless of crime that was committed
rehabilitation
which philosophical orientation or correctional goal is the logic behind assessing convicted offenders with a fine?
deterrence
aside from those persons who are held for only brief periods, jails tend to hold offenders who are sentenced to _____
a year or less of incarceration
what sate built the fist electric chair
new york
what is the judges most important factor in deciding upon a sanction for a convicted offender
injury to the victim
which philosophical orientation or correctional goal is determinate sentencing not grounded in
just desserts
the theory of _____ is defined as when an offender is either temporarily or permanently isolated or maimed as a means of preventing a type of crime in the future.
disablement
according to Neubauer (2002), what are the most commonly cited forms of disparity in sentencing
geography, and judicial attitudes
which geographical region imposes more harsh sentences than other areas of the nation?
East
which of the following is an example of the philosophical orientation or correctional goal of rehabilitation
indeterminate sentencing
which one of the following types of philosophical orientations or correctional goals is implemented by identifying those inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing those offenders with much longer sentences than would be given to
selective incapacitation
which correctional theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and the adoption of definitions that are favorable to the commission of crime?
social learning theory
an individual indicates that he has been unemployed for months and has been unable to obtain legitmate work. due to this frusturation he began committing burlaries and selling the stolen items for money. which correctional theory would explain this indivi
strain theory
an individual is released from prison and struggles to find legitimate work and is excluded from public housing due to his/her prior drug conviction. which correctional theory would argue why he/she is struggling to reintergrate back into society?
labeling theory
which correctional theory serves as the basic underlying theoretical foundation of our criminal justice system in the united states?
classical criminology
two offenders recieve different sentences for the same offense. there is no legally legitimate reference to reasons for that differential response. this would be an example of
judicial discrimination
Incapacitation argues that offenders should be given the punishment that they justly deserve; those who commit minor crimes deserve minor sentences, and those who commit serious crimes deserve more severe punishments
FALSE
retribution equates revenge there are a few distinctions between the two terms
FALSE
rehabilitation was a major goal of punishment in the early history of corrections
FALSE
sentencing schemes under a rehabilitation orientation would be indeterminate
FALSE
most offenders convicted of a criminal offense are assessed a period of incarceration
TRUE
inmates in supermax facilities are the least likely of all inmates to care about the consequences of their actions and or their ability to bond with other people
FALSE
Determinate sentencing is sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender
TRUE
one type of mandatory minimum sentence is the "three strikes and your out law
FALSE