Correctional agencies carry out the sentence of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the __________________.
state penal code
In _______________, the Supreme Court ruled that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination.
in re gault
In _______________, the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process".
Kent v. United States
A statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed is a(n) __________.
delinquency petition
A statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish is a(n) ________.
mission
_______________are those whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision.
special offenders
A form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons without separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments is called _______________.
straight adult incarceration
_______________is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations.
new penology
_______________is the 1981 Supreme Court decision that ruled that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
Rhodes v. Chapman
______________inmates are more likely to have disciplinary problems than other inmates.
Mentally ill
As long as the purpose of confinement is for _______________, a state can commit a sex offender to an institution indefinitely.
treatment
The decision of Congress to make a crime a federal rather than a state offense is to __________ a crime.
federalize
______________children have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult.
delinquent
The doctrine of _______________is the basis for the juvenile court and correctional systems to take responsibility for juvenile delinquents.
parens patriae
The 1891 act of Congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons is the _______________.
Three penitentiary act
____________is the supervision of a juvenile in the community after he or she has served time in a juvenile correctional institution.
aftercare
_______________are statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates and segregate by sex, age and specific problem or issue.
objective classification systems
In _______________, the court ruled that five criteria should be used to determine discrimination: 1) Number of inmates in a prison, 2) Prison security level, 3) Crimes committed by inmates, 4) Length of sentences, and any other special characteristics.
Pargo v. Elliot
_______________are freestanding prisons or distinct units within other prisons that manage and securely control inmates who have been designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons.
supermax prisons
Order within prison does not result from physical control, numerical superiority, or intimidation by correctional staff. It results from clear and consistent enforcement of rules and inmates perceiving they '_______________' if they misbehave".
have something to lose
Three ways juveniles can be transferred: _________, __________, or ___________.
waiver, direct file, statutory exclusion
The _______________is the agency within the Justice Department that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders.
federal bureau of prisons
_______________is a system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they reach age 18, then are transferred to an adult prison to complete the sentence.
graduated incarceration
The "_______________" began as an initiative by President Reagan to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment.
war on drugs
The _______________abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders.
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
_______________ children are children who, while committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is mentally unable to act in that capacity.
dependent
A system for matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior is _______________.
security classification
______________is the temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency.
juvenile detention
______________is a style of inmate supervision with staff located in direct contact with inmates, requiring staff to continuously supervise and communicate with inmates.
direct supervision
A(n) _______________ is conducted by juvenile probation department to determine if sufficient evidence exists to formally process an allegation.
intake
_______________ is informal and is sometimes referred to as "informal probation"; it admits to wrongdoing and follows certain conditions.
consent decree
_______________ waivers are when juvenile courts decide on a case-by-case basis whether the court will waive the processing of the juvenile to adult court.
discretionary
Treatment in prisons generally falls into three categories: (1) _______________; (2) _______________; and (3) _______________.
24 hour residential care, therapy and counseling, psychotropic medications
_______________in prisons are designed to match the physical security, staff resources, programs, and prison operations with the risk of violence & escape by male inmates assigned to each level.
security levels
The term _______________ was coined to describe a generation of juveniles who practiced nearly indiscriminate violence on the streets.
superpredator
The direct assignment of specific offenses committed by juveniles to be handled in the adult courts is _______________ waiver.
mandatory
The overall goal of _______________ is to maintain homogeneity of inmates by risk of violence and escape and ensure they are placed in prisons physically designed to meet this need.
inmate classification
_______________ children have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care, or are in a situation that is harmful to them and their upbringing.
neglected
The upper or oldest age at which a juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenders is the "_______________".
age of original jurisdiction
A youth who is under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts is under _______________jurisdiction.
concurrent
In _______________, juveniles handled by adult courts are assigned to an adult prison, yet are housed separately and placed in special programs that match their age level and needs.
segregated incarceration
In 1974, _______________found that the state of New Mexico was not providing parity in vocational training and work opportunities for female inmates, and ruled that such disparity could not be justified just because the smaller number of female inmates ma
Barfield v. Leach
A(n) _______________is an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and that would not be a crime if committed by an adult.
Status offense
In in re Winship, the Supreme Court determined that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of _________________.
beyond a reasonable doubt
In 1995 Pargo v. Elliot, found that just the fact that there are differences in programs between male and female prisons is not necessarily a violation of the __________ clause of the Constitution.
equal protection
_____ is detaining an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes they are likely to commit if set free pending trial
preventative detention
the _____ style of supervising community offenders places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling, and working to make sure the offender successfully completes supervision.
casework
______ is the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing offenders.
corrections
______ are statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates and segregate by sex, age, and specific problem or issues.
objective classifications systems
Based on the ______, offenders may be detained if considered dangerous or a flight risk in order to assure appearance in court.
1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act
In 1973, the ______ Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
A member of the Classical school, Jeremy Bentham created a concept referring to a person's motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain called _____
hedonistic calculus
______ determined that probation is a privledge and not a right
United States v. Birnbaum
________ has been described as a non-system with no coordination or shared mission by any of its components.
Corrections
Probationers can have their probation revoked for either of two types of violations: 1. ______ and 2. _____
technical violations, new crime violations
Simply stated, sentencing is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a ___________
judicial authority
Fuled by the idea that "_________," the Retributive Era called for a need to be "tough" on criminals
nothing works
The ______ can be misldeading and has been defined in two different ways: 1. the time servies in jail or prison by any inmate or the 2. average amount of time served by inmates during a given time-frame
length of stay
the three major components of the criminal justice system are the ____, _____, and _____
police, courts, corrections
A few cells commonly located in police stations that hold people for usually no more than 48 hours is a(n) ______
lockup
_____ is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence in comparison to the sentence allowable for the charged offense
plea bargaining
Correctional agencies carry out the sentences of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the ______
state penal code
____ have developed as several small counties form coalitions to jointly fund, build, and operate a facility that would serve all the counties, and result in economie of scale that made its operation more financially reasonable
regional jails
the central concept of the ___________ says to prevent crime, punishments should outweigh pleasure derived from the criminal act.
hedonistic calculus
Statistical approaches to considering the type of risk and violence by inmates are ________
objective classification systems
First-generation jails used a __________ for housing inmates, in which cells are aligned in long and straight rows, with walkways in the front of cells for jail correcitonal officers to walk intermittenly to observe what was going on in the cells
linear design
____ are jail and prison programs that include early detection of suicide risks
Suicide prevention programs
known as the study of punishment, ___ was used until the 1950s when referring to corrections
penology
Pretrial diversion provides the opportunity for a criminal offender to be diverted from _____ the criminal justice system
processing in
According to the role and function of jails, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before of after _____
adjudication
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is ______
specific deterrence
Net widening is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for ___________ offenders, rather than diversion from prison.
community-placed
Sentencing, supervision during probation, classifying prisoners, parole decisions and research are they 5 main purposes of the ____
Presentence investigation
the ___ is the number of people per 100,000 US residents who are incarcerated in either a jail or a prison
incarceration rate
_____ is the management of suicidal inmates who are placed in a specifically designed cell and have constant supervision
suicide watch
An institution designed to house adult felons serving a sentence of one year or more is a(n)_____
prison
A _____, which is prepared by probation officer, is a report detailing the background of offenders and is used in the decision-making process of sentencing.
pre sentence investigation
the term _____ is based on a latin term that means "a period of proving oneself
probation
the main idea of _____ is that criminals are born and their behavior is predetermined.
the positive school
___ is a system of structured sentences, based on measures of offense severity and criminal history, which is used to determine the length of the term of imprisonment
sentencing guidelines
____ is the probation style which mimics the community policing policy philosophy and partners with citizen groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations
broken-windows probation
A statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish is a(n) ____
mission
_____ jails used podular housing designs and fully remote supervision
second-generation
John Augustus was the Boston shoemaker who became the "__________".
father of probation
in SC, diversion from the criminal justice system is called _____.
pre-trial intervention
in 1979, the US SC established the "____________" in Bell v. Wolfish
punitive intent standard
three governmental levels of correctional systems are ___ ,_____, and _____
Federal, State, and Local
The ________ changed the way we do business by requiring the following four principles: 1. Secure and sanitary structures, 2. systematic inspections 3. no fees be charged to inmates, and 4. inmates confined in solitary cells but worked in common rooms dur
Penitentiary Act of 1779
____ sentences are those that blend the decision by the sentencing judge and a later decision by a release authority to determine the actual time served
Indeterminate
____ granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing
Mempa v. Rhay
____ is the suspension of criminal process while the offender is provided a chance to participate in treatment programs.
Pretrial diversion
________ has been described as a system of fully integrated services and functions
Corrections
It is argued that there is a _____ between being denied bail and conviction
strong correlation
Part of the _____ is to protect society by surveillance and control, treatment and rehabilitation, and incapacitation of offenders
mission of corrections
______ is a style of inmate supervision with staff located in direct contact with inmates, requiring staff to continuously supervise and communicate with inmates.
direct supervision
____ are comprised of probationers with a specific type of problem, such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sex offenses
special caseloads
Atavism refers to the existence of features common in early stages of __________
human evolution
____ is the pledge of money or property in exchange for promise to return to further court proceedings
bail
___ was the first private correctional facility
Corrections Corporation of America
Gabriel Tarde, founder of the ______ of punishment, says that nobody has complete free will because their behavior is influenced by gender, age, social, and economic factors.
neoclassical school
The five sentencing goals for corrections are: 1. ______ 2. _____, 3. _____, 4. _____, 5. ____
Punishment, Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation, Restitution
For felonies, there are 6 widely accepted alternatives to bail:
1. ______ 2. _____, 3. _____, 4. _____, 5. ____, 6. _____
personal recognizance, Unsecured bond, percentage bond, surety bond, collateral, third-party custody