What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the US called?
Walnut Street Jail
Describe Walnut Street Jail
Inmates kept separate; Penance; used masks
Hands off Doctrine
Avoidance by the US Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgement of correctional administrators
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
Professionalizing of staff; recruitment, training and implementation of may self-improvement
What links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
Reintegration: strengthens the links between prison and the community
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived form the act?
Jeremy Bentham
What is specific deterrence?
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crime
Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?
John Howard
The stages of which system are solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave?
Norfolk Island- Irish System
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Reformatory Era
What are the advantages of a diversionary treatment program?
Provide opportunity for a criminal offender to be diverted from processing in the system by suspending criminal processing will offering a chance to participate in treatment programs and avoid further criminal activity. If successful all charges are dismi
1987 US Supreme Court: upheld the ability of a magistrate to confine an offender on the presumption that he or she was dangerous?
United States v. Salerno
In which country did pretrial release programs originate?
England
What are the problems with the system of bail as a requirement for release?
Unreasonably high bail; bail price is not related to the risk of the offenders; discriminates against the poor; "Freedom can be bought for a price"=unethical
What are the purposes of the PSI?
Use in sentencing by the court; use in determining supervision needs during probation; use by prison officials in classifying offender and determining needs; use by parole board in making release decisions; Research purposes
What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require?
85%
Who initiated the concept of "good time"?
Captain Alexander Maconochie
In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
Indicate reasons for leniency
Why have states adopted sentencing guidelines?
To make sure judges are harsh on certain criminals to ensure dangerous criminals are sent to prison; Provide uniformity, ensuring that offenders who commit similar crimes receive similar sentences; Provide planners a better predictor of the # of inmates i
What is an early English term for jail?
Goal
First generation Jail
linear design for housing inmates; cells are aligned in long, straight rows with walkways in front of cells for correctional officers to walk to observe inside of cells
Second generation Jail
Popular housing designs and remote supervision; officers located in a secure control room overlooking the cells/dayroom; electronic controls to open and close cell doors
Third generation Jail
without remote control center; correctional officers are located in the housing unit, direct contact with inmates
What are the three most important reasons for effective jail classification system?
Provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims; Provide a guide for identifying and managing different inmates with special needs; Provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape and housing them
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which era of corrections?
Rehabilitative Era
Which era of corrections developed with the developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
Reintegrative Era
Which style of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
Casework style of Supervision
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to probation violations by holding that failure to make restitution payment due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
Bearden v. Georgia
1973 Supreme Court Case: created the due process requirements for revoking probation?
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and parents with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
Broken Windows
What is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision?
Administrative
What are the factors that have been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
Unhappiness with regular probation supervision; increase in # of prisons and prison overcrowding; tightening of budgets by states and an inability to continue to fund high rehab programs; Realization that solid ties to the community are critical to the su
What is sometimes referred to as "community control"?
House Arrest
On which model is shock probation based?
Specific deterrence model
Where was the first US penitentiary established?
Penn
What is the primary function of prisons?
To hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
1981 US Supreme Court case: set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the 8th Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
Mission statement of most prisons:
Prepare offenders for release and transition to the community; protect inmates and staff from harm; protect public from further criminality
According to Gowdy, which is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?
The publics view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism
Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?
Sanford Bates
Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders?
Corrections Corporation of America
Which stage of Maconochie's mark system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
Penal Stage
19th century director of the Irish prison system who created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?
Sir Walter Crofton
What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?
Solitary Confinement
Which penologist advocated the Irish system in the US and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?
Brockway
Which model calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
Just deserts model
What was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
Parole Guidelines
What is the name of a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
Salient Factor Score