Corrections exam 1

Retaliation

Act designed to repay as an injury and kind or two return like for like especially to get revenge

Blood feud -vendetta

And often Prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful, or hostile acts or exchange of such acts

Lex salica

The custom of atonement for wrongs against the victim by payment to appease the victims family

Wergild

European word for lex salica

Fredensgeld

The practice of paying restitution for crying to both the victim in the crown

Outlaw

Person declared to be outside the law of a tribe nation or family

Lex talionis

The active repaying in-kind such as I for an eye tooth for a tooth

Get right with God

Directive that the funder must make peace with God through repentance and Atonement

Inquisition

A former Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of a heresy and ,investigation conducted with little regard for individual rights through a severe questioning

Cpl. punishment

I need physical pain inflicted shorted common methods included crucifixion whipping ,torture mutilation, branding ,canning

Brank

The birdcage like instrument placed on the funders was sharp edged are your plate that would cut tongues and mouths of the gossipers

Cat 0- nine tails

Torture device for whipping or flogging

Lex eterna

One of the major terms describing enternal law, intended for the common good. It cannot be changed by humans

Lex naturails

Legal theory that there are laws that occur naturally and across all cultures

Lex Humana

Laws that are enacted by human beings

Criminology

Looks at the reasons for and consequences of crime

Mamertine prison

An early place of confinement in Rome using primitive dungeons built under the main sewer

Sanctuary

Asylum that plays the wrongdoer and seclusion or arrest in cities

Bridewell

Workout was created for the employment and housing of London's unemployed or underemployed working classes

Jail fever

Typhus frequently concentrated in places of detention they cause large scale of inmates and local citizens

Age of Enlightenment

Philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and An emphasis on rationalism

Cesar's beccaria

Founder of the classical school criminology

Classical school

Approach to understanding crime and social policy for offenders

Jeremy Bentham

Argued that crime rate will go down if the amount of punishment or carefully calibrated to deter potential funders and maximize pleasure

Hedonistic calculus

Jeremy Benthams argue meant that the main objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain it was believed that individuals behavior could be influenced and a scientific manner

John Howard

And English hi sheriff who was so appalled buy jail conditions that he undertook a crusade to improve places of detention

Workhouse

House of correction for persons guilty of minor law violations ; sometimes referred to as poor house

Gaols

Places of confinement in England for persons held in law custody, specifically such a place under jurisdiction of a local government for the confinement of persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes

Banishment

Remove by authority from a state or country, the sentence to cast out of a local residents or country due to criminal behavior on the funders part

Transportation

Legal sentence requiring the banishment of the offender to a different location, the act of transporting the offender to another country

Hulks

Abandon or unusable transport ships anchored in rivers and harbors that confide criminal offenders

Maison de force

A Belgian workhouse for baggers and poor people, designed to make profit by and enforce pattern of hard work and bolt discipline and silence. An important rule - if a man will not work, neither let him eat

Hospice of San Michele

A corrections facility design for boys in use, included silence, large work areas, and separate sleeping cells. Both expectation and reform were intended goals

William Penn

Quaker leader who created the state of Pennsylvania and a system of justice that required compensation of victims and repentance to restore the offender to God's grace

The great law= Quakers

Body of laws of the Quakers that's all hard labor as a more effective punishment Dondarth for crimes and one that demanded compensation to victims

Penitentiary

Originally I detention center in which inmates could do penance and repent or turn away from crime, now any larger penal institution for detention of inmates

Walnut Street Jail

It was the first penitentiary created in Philadelphia by the Quakers

Pennsylvania system

The system of prison disappoint using isolation or solitary confinement with both a work requirement and moral and religious instruction

Chap 2

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Pennsylvania system

Early prison system requiring inmate silence, individual cells, and inmate labor in those cells

Outside cells

Prison cells attach to the Corredor with the back of the cell extending outward toward wall

Eastern penitentiary

Prison facility designed on the Pennsylvania system with rows of individual cells attached to Corredor's and outside cells

Inside cells

Prison cells that do not touch the outside walls of the cellblock

Auburn system

Is in model consisting of small individual cells, large work area for group labor, and enforce silence

Cell blocks

Multitier living cells usually stacked one on top of the other, built with a hollow building and not touching exterior walls

Congregate system

Prison modeled on the auburn system with inmate work and feeding Don in total silence

Penitentiary system

Prison designed to enforce penitence and prisoners anonymity, with individual manual labor in inmate cells

Disciplinarian

Prison administrator usually using harsh punishments to reinforce institutional rules

Lock Step formation

Lines of inmates marching closely behind their leader, with hands on top of shoulders and under the armpits. Require shuffling and muteness in March form from one area of the prison to another

Prison stripes

Uniforms with horizontal black bands in white stripes frequently color to designate inmate classification

Treadmills

A millwork by inmates treading on the periphery of a wide we'll having a horizontal axis and used in prison as punishment

Solitary confinement

Punishment program requiring isolation of an inmate in a cell also known as prison within a prison

Indeterminant sentence

A period of confinement with pacified minimum and maximum length, allowing a parole board to release the inmate one rehabilitation has been achieved

Irish system

A prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn hi stages until released one contents was achieved, release was on revocable ticket of leave or conditional pardon

Ticket of leave

Certificate issued by the warden certifying the finder has permission to leave the facility but which does not represent parole

Conditional liberty

Prisoner release scheme that allows the Penitente inmate to be released to the community under specific conditions that can be revoked, a system commonly known as parole

Reformatory

An institution for younger offenders that requires Education in training, conditional release, and potential revocation of parole

Zebulon Brockway

First superintendent of the Almighty reformatory, who implemented reduction of recidivism through educational programs

Lease system

The hiring of inmates to perform work details managed by private entrepreneurs, either while out of or still incarcerated in prison facilities

Industrial prison

I need penal institution whose main objective is to use inmate labor to produce marketable products for prison profit

Sanford Bates

First director of the US bureau of prisons

Alcatraz

Supermax island prison inmates in the San Francisco Bay area and part of the US Bureau of prisons until it's closing, was known as the rock

Lack psychosis

Term denoting over concentration of prison administrators with security and community protection, to be accomplished through extensive use of locks, had counts, and internal control of inmates

Convict bogey

Irrational fear of prison inmates who can be managed through headcounts locking and recounting

Ombudsman

Directional overseer who investigates reported complaints as from inmates, prison personnel, and present staff, the reports findings, and helps to achieve equitable settlements

War on drugs

A criminal justice program focusing on reducing the manufacturer, use, sell, or trafficking of drugs

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Ideology

Systematic body of ideas and practices

Correctional ideology

Systematic body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders

Punishment ideology

Painful sanction apply to the finder, who is seen as an enemy of society

Rehabilitation ideology

Crime prevention through treatment of offenders and inmates to rehabilitate such offenders

Prevention Ideology

Avoidance or reduction of criminal behavior using methods and programs that contribute to crime prevention

Retribution

Getting even with the funder who has violated the rights of others and deserve to be punished

Deterrent effect

The extent of crime control by incapacitation, threat of punishment, or announced potential criminal sanction

General deterrence

Providing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly, the message here would be, see what will happen to you if you commit the crime

Specific deterrents

Punishing individual offenders to prevent their further criminal behavior

Stigma of conviction

effect of labeling interference with ordinary social functioning, and resulting diminishment of of offender

Incapacitation

Depriving a finders of the ability to commit additional crying, usually through imprisonment

Theory of disablement

Preventing offenders from commission of more crying through isolation, death, banishment, or mutilation

Selective incapacitation

Incapacitating high-risk offenders believe to post substantial probability of additional crime, usually through imprisonment

Recidivism

Continued criminal activity following initial law violating behavior

Rehabilitation model

Literally means using treatment to restore an offender two levels of social functioning not yet attained, seeks a change in behavior produced by providing treatment and services

Reformatory movement

Offenders are unfortunate persons who was education, training, and discipline are in adequate, offenders should be sent to an educational penal institution to reform

Educational doctrine

Correctional approach seeking to provide crime prevention by education, emphasizing vocational and educational skills, and teaching inmates to discipline themselves

Medical model

Model that sees the causes of crime as line with in the individual, and stress is providing treatment and therapy until the half under is well. Leaders in the medical model were Sanford Bates and the Federal Bureau of prisons

Indeterminate sentencing

George imposes a minimum and maximum period of incarceration time under the assumption that a pro board will identify the maximum benefit from imprisonment and subsequently release the inmate

Reintegration model

Doctrine that assumes crimes are caused by the community, with the assumptions that community resources should be garden and provided by local agencies to prevent recidivism

Emile Durkheim

Early psychologist who believe that crime is some form was an inevitable accompaniment

Community corrections

A model of corrections based on the assumption that the finder should be re-integrated into the community through existing and potential community services

Diversion

Minimizing a funder processing through the justice system by imposing treatment, supervision, and referral of a finders to service providers outside the justice system

Get tough laws

Belief that a funder should be punished to preevent criminal recidivism, such laws what length in the term of incarceration and minimize the use of community resources; two point blah programs are using the determinate sentence and compelling the inmate d

Restorative justice

Punishment intended to repair the damage is done by the fenders crimes against the victim and the community

Determinate sentencing

Judge imposed fixed term of incarceration with the exception that inmate will serve that amount of time

Sentencing disparity

Difference between both the types and length of sentences imposed for the same crime or seriousness of crimes one there is no legal bias that can be identified to explain this difference

Just desserts

Sentencing ideology that stresses that any punishment to be applied must be dependent on the culpability of the thunder and the seriousness of the offense

Presentence report

Document prepared by agent of the court that investigates the funders background for judicial determination a punishment

Appeal

Petition to higher courts to reverse procedures and protective unders based on due process issues

Administrative sentencing

Process by which the actual length of the sentence is left up to the administrators of the correctional system, as seen in such processes as good time credit, probation, parole, and program participation, the actual sentence served is set by the executive

Determinate sentencing

A flat sentence of punishment imposed by the sentencing court

Sentencing guidelines

System of sentencing that imposes a pre-done a fied sentence length based on prior criminal history and crime severity, which allows judges to depart from the guidelines if warranted by the circumstances

Modify

Appeal court order requiring change in the trial court's legal decision on guilt or other rights

Presumptive sentencing

A sentence mechanism fixed Buy a sentencing commission or legislature that identifies maximum and minimum sentences for punishment to be imposed by the judge, but permitting adjustment for special circumstances

Deterrents by sentencing

Discouraging the individual and the publics propensity to commit additional crimes by imposition of harsh punishment; goal is crime reduction

Railroading

The formal or even informal violation of civil rights of the cues that leads to incapacitation or other unjustified punishment

Due Process

Legal requirement that constitutional rights of the accused and correctional clients will confirm to guaranteed constitutional protection minimums

Collateral attack

The process of raising additional legal questions and other courts but before case disposition

Double jeopardy

The second trying of a suspect of thunder for the same crime as originally charged

Court of last resort

The highest appeal court having jurisdiction within that particular geographical area

Court of Appeals

Any higher court with postconviction authority; I need Court authorized to treat with contempt decisions made by the lower court

Reverse

Appeal courts order to cease acting, operating, or arranging in a manner contrary to the usual

Remaned

To send a case back to the trier of fact for considerations not contrary to the appeal court order

Affirm

Appeal courts decision that due process have not been violated by the government

Writ of Habeas corpus

I judicial order demanding that another person holding an inmate to produce the same in court, and to justify continued imprisonment

Civil rights

Those rights defined in the US Constitution or accorded through judicial decisions

Writ of mandamus

I judicial order requiring the recipient to confirm to the courts decision

Suspended sentence

Court determination to stop some formal processing of an offender, primarily stopping prosecution, not pronouncing a determined of guilt, or court not requiring a sentence

Right of sanctuary

Privilege to avoid punishment by the funders re-location to a sacred city or location

Benefit of clergy

The exclusion of offenders from the death penalty if able to read particular segment of ancient texts

Stigma

A mark of shame and disgrace attached to the thunder by virtue of his or her having committed an offense

Sursis

A suspended sentence in European countries requiring no further punishment provided the funder remains crime free during a specified time period.

John Augustus

Known as the parent of probation who motivated the creation of probation in Boston, working with alcoholics and appearing before the court to request no further or minimal punishment

Risk and need assessments

Instrument used to determine the probability of recidivism further criminal behavior

Special conditions of probation

Additional punishments ordered by the courts to probationers, such as fines, electric monitoring, in house arrest

Technical probation violation

Probation sentence change due to charges that the funder violated the rules imposed by the court, but not by committing a new crime

Probation revocation

Change of a sentence from probation to another correctional control status, due to violation of conditions under probation

Gagnon v scarpelli

US Supreme Court decision that help probation is a privilege, not a right, but, once, granted, the probationer as an interest in remaining on probation

Broken windows probation

Consult that the probation officer is asked to communicate with victims in the community, hold off under accountable, and improve the leadership of probation

Proactive supervision

Treatment strategy serving to prepare for, interventions in, or control and expected occurrence or situation by a finders on probation, especially a negative or difficult one

Front end solutions

Options for controlling the number of inmates being sent to prison

Back and solutions

Strategies for reducing prison population overcrowding by early release programs, such as parole, shock parole, and expanded goodtime credits

Diversion

Minimizing penetration into the criminal justice system through police, community, and the court programs

Pretrial intervention programs

Requiring the phone it's awaiting trial to report to a supervision officer

Treatment in lieu of conviction

Divers and offered to offenders in which successfully completion of probation allows the prosecutor drudge to seize prosecution of treatment program results are no conviction

Community correction acts

Legislation that funds local community correctional programs designed to divert offenders from prison

Intermediate sanctions

Directional programs or fall somewhere between probation in prison

Day reporting center

Facility to which offenders are sent for scheduling and monitoring of their activities

Restitution order

Requirement that offender repay the victim

Risk management

Strategies designed to provide increased supervision and surveillance for high-risk offenders and less restrictive options for those of the lower risk

Desistance

Seizing of criminal behavior by the funder. Can also imply lessening of the severity of criminal offenses

Restitution order

Requirement that offender repay the victim

Tourniquet sentencing

Want to judge increases the sanctions and conditions imposed on an offender

Community work order

Requiring a finders to provide service to the community to help repair the harm they have committed

Home detention

Sentencing whereby offenders serve at least some of their sentence in their own house

Community residential treatment center

Also known as a halfway house, a residential facility that provides room and board as well as rehabilitation programming

Shock probation

Designed to give offenders are sure taste of the bars followed by a period of supervise probation

Boot Camp

Modeled after military boot camps, offenders are required to engage in strict discipline and physical regiment

Bureaucratic control

Predominant public administration format for prison operations

Graduated release

Programs for bridging inmate status from imprisonment to community control

Correctional officer's

Line prison officers working directly with inmate population

Unionization

Organize Asian of correctional officers for purposes of improve work conditions or salaries

Blue flu

Polly used by correctional officers to strengthen their hands in negotiations with command officers

Total institution

Term describing institutional control over inmates in prison operations

Prisonization

Process of adopting the culture of the prison

Sally port

Double gated entry or exit point that restrict movement between the free world and prison