Retaliation
Act designed to repay as an injury and kind or two return like for like especially to get revenge
Blood feud -vendetta
And often Prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful, or hostile acts or exchange of such acts
Lex salica
The custom of atonement for wrongs against the victim by payment to appease the victims family
Wergild
European word for lex salica
Fredensgeld
The practice of paying restitution for crying to both the victim in the crown
Outlaw
Person declared to be outside the law of a tribe nation or family
Lex talionis
The active repaying in-kind such as I for an eye tooth for a tooth
Get right with God
Directive that the funder must make peace with God through repentance and Atonement
Inquisition
A former Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of a heresy and ,investigation conducted with little regard for individual rights through a severe questioning
Cpl. punishment
I need physical pain inflicted shorted common methods included crucifixion whipping ,torture mutilation, branding ,canning
Brank
The birdcage like instrument placed on the funders was sharp edged are your plate that would cut tongues and mouths of the gossipers
Cat 0- nine tails
Torture device for whipping or flogging
Lex eterna
One of the major terms describing enternal law, intended for the common good. It cannot be changed by humans
Lex naturails
Legal theory that there are laws that occur naturally and across all cultures
Lex Humana
Laws that are enacted by human beings
Criminology
Looks at the reasons for and consequences of crime
Mamertine prison
An early place of confinement in Rome using primitive dungeons built under the main sewer
Sanctuary
Asylum that plays the wrongdoer and seclusion or arrest in cities
Bridewell
Workout was created for the employment and housing of London's unemployed or underemployed working classes
Jail fever
Typhus frequently concentrated in places of detention they cause large scale of inmates and local citizens
Age of Enlightenment
Philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and An emphasis on rationalism
Cesar's beccaria
Founder of the classical school criminology
Classical school
Approach to understanding crime and social policy for offenders
Jeremy Bentham
Argued that crime rate will go down if the amount of punishment or carefully calibrated to deter potential funders and maximize pleasure
Hedonistic calculus
Jeremy Benthams argue meant that the main objective of an intelligent person is to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain it was believed that individuals behavior could be influenced and a scientific manner
John Howard
And English hi sheriff who was so appalled buy jail conditions that he undertook a crusade to improve places of detention
Workhouse
House of correction for persons guilty of minor law violations ; sometimes referred to as poor house
Gaols
Places of confinement in England for persons held in law custody, specifically such a place under jurisdiction of a local government for the confinement of persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes
Banishment
Remove by authority from a state or country, the sentence to cast out of a local residents or country due to criminal behavior on the funders part
Transportation
Legal sentence requiring the banishment of the offender to a different location, the act of transporting the offender to another country
Hulks
Abandon or unusable transport ships anchored in rivers and harbors that confide criminal offenders
Maison de force
A Belgian workhouse for baggers and poor people, designed to make profit by and enforce pattern of hard work and bolt discipline and silence. An important rule - if a man will not work, neither let him eat
Hospice of San Michele
A corrections facility design for boys in use, included silence, large work areas, and separate sleeping cells. Both expectation and reform were intended goals
William Penn
Quaker leader who created the state of Pennsylvania and a system of justice that required compensation of victims and repentance to restore the offender to God's grace
The great law= Quakers
Body of laws of the Quakers that's all hard labor as a more effective punishment Dondarth for crimes and one that demanded compensation to victims
Penitentiary
Originally I detention center in which inmates could do penance and repent or turn away from crime, now any larger penal institution for detention of inmates
Walnut Street Jail
It was the first penitentiary created in Philadelphia by the Quakers
Pennsylvania system
The system of prison disappoint using isolation or solitary confinement with both a work requirement and moral and religious instruction
Chap 2
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Pennsylvania system
Early prison system requiring inmate silence, individual cells, and inmate labor in those cells
Outside cells
Prison cells attach to the Corredor with the back of the cell extending outward toward wall
Eastern penitentiary
Prison facility designed on the Pennsylvania system with rows of individual cells attached to Corredor's and outside cells
Inside cells
Prison cells that do not touch the outside walls of the cellblock
Auburn system
Is in model consisting of small individual cells, large work area for group labor, and enforce silence
Cell blocks
Multitier living cells usually stacked one on top of the other, built with a hollow building and not touching exterior walls
Congregate system
Prison modeled on the auburn system with inmate work and feeding Don in total silence
Penitentiary system
Prison designed to enforce penitence and prisoners anonymity, with individual manual labor in inmate cells
Disciplinarian
Prison administrator usually using harsh punishments to reinforce institutional rules
Lock Step formation
Lines of inmates marching closely behind their leader, with hands on top of shoulders and under the armpits. Require shuffling and muteness in March form from one area of the prison to another
Prison stripes
Uniforms with horizontal black bands in white stripes frequently color to designate inmate classification
Treadmills
A millwork by inmates treading on the periphery of a wide we'll having a horizontal axis and used in prison as punishment
Solitary confinement
Punishment program requiring isolation of an inmate in a cell also known as prison within a prison
Indeterminant sentence
A period of confinement with pacified minimum and maximum length, allowing a parole board to release the inmate one rehabilitation has been achieved
Irish system
A prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn hi stages until released one contents was achieved, release was on revocable ticket of leave or conditional pardon
Ticket of leave
Certificate issued by the warden certifying the finder has permission to leave the facility but which does not represent parole
Conditional liberty
Prisoner release scheme that allows the Penitente inmate to be released to the community under specific conditions that can be revoked, a system commonly known as parole
Reformatory
An institution for younger offenders that requires Education in training, conditional release, and potential revocation of parole
Zebulon Brockway
First superintendent of the Almighty reformatory, who implemented reduction of recidivism through educational programs
Lease system
The hiring of inmates to perform work details managed by private entrepreneurs, either while out of or still incarcerated in prison facilities
Industrial prison
I need penal institution whose main objective is to use inmate labor to produce marketable products for prison profit
Sanford Bates
First director of the US bureau of prisons
Alcatraz
Supermax island prison inmates in the San Francisco Bay area and part of the US Bureau of prisons until it's closing, was known as the rock
Lack psychosis
Term denoting over concentration of prison administrators with security and community protection, to be accomplished through extensive use of locks, had counts, and internal control of inmates
Convict bogey
Irrational fear of prison inmates who can be managed through headcounts locking and recounting
Ombudsman
Directional overseer who investigates reported complaints as from inmates, prison personnel, and present staff, the reports findings, and helps to achieve equitable settlements
War on drugs
A criminal justice program focusing on reducing the manufacturer, use, sell, or trafficking of drugs
Chap 3
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Ideology
Systematic body of ideas and practices
Correctional ideology
Systematic body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders
Punishment ideology
Painful sanction apply to the finder, who is seen as an enemy of society
Rehabilitation ideology
Crime prevention through treatment of offenders and inmates to rehabilitate such offenders
Prevention Ideology
Avoidance or reduction of criminal behavior using methods and programs that contribute to crime prevention
Retribution
Getting even with the funder who has violated the rights of others and deserve to be punished
Deterrent effect
The extent of crime control by incapacitation, threat of punishment, or announced potential criminal sanction
General deterrence
Providing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly, the message here would be, see what will happen to you if you commit the crime
Specific deterrents
Punishing individual offenders to prevent their further criminal behavior
Stigma of conviction
effect of labeling interference with ordinary social functioning, and resulting diminishment of of offender
Incapacitation
Depriving a finders of the ability to commit additional crying, usually through imprisonment
Theory of disablement
Preventing offenders from commission of more crying through isolation, death, banishment, or mutilation
Selective incapacitation
Incapacitating high-risk offenders believe to post substantial probability of additional crime, usually through imprisonment
Recidivism
Continued criminal activity following initial law violating behavior
Rehabilitation model
Literally means using treatment to restore an offender two levels of social functioning not yet attained, seeks a change in behavior produced by providing treatment and services
Reformatory movement
Offenders are unfortunate persons who was education, training, and discipline are in adequate, offenders should be sent to an educational penal institution to reform
Educational doctrine
Correctional approach seeking to provide crime prevention by education, emphasizing vocational and educational skills, and teaching inmates to discipline themselves
Medical model
Model that sees the causes of crime as line with in the individual, and stress is providing treatment and therapy until the half under is well. Leaders in the medical model were Sanford Bates and the Federal Bureau of prisons
Indeterminate sentencing
George imposes a minimum and maximum period of incarceration time under the assumption that a pro board will identify the maximum benefit from imprisonment and subsequently release the inmate
Reintegration model
Doctrine that assumes crimes are caused by the community, with the assumptions that community resources should be garden and provided by local agencies to prevent recidivism
Emile Durkheim
Early psychologist who believe that crime is some form was an inevitable accompaniment
Community corrections
A model of corrections based on the assumption that the finder should be re-integrated into the community through existing and potential community services
Diversion
Minimizing a funder processing through the justice system by imposing treatment, supervision, and referral of a finders to service providers outside the justice system
Get tough laws
Belief that a funder should be punished to preevent criminal recidivism, such laws what length in the term of incarceration and minimize the use of community resources; two point blah programs are using the determinate sentence and compelling the inmate d
Restorative justice
Punishment intended to repair the damage is done by the fenders crimes against the victim and the community
Determinate sentencing
Judge imposed fixed term of incarceration with the exception that inmate will serve that amount of time
Sentencing disparity
Difference between both the types and length of sentences imposed for the same crime or seriousness of crimes one there is no legal bias that can be identified to explain this difference
Just desserts
Sentencing ideology that stresses that any punishment to be applied must be dependent on the culpability of the thunder and the seriousness of the offense
Presentence report
Document prepared by agent of the court that investigates the funders background for judicial determination a punishment
Appeal
Petition to higher courts to reverse procedures and protective unders based on due process issues
Administrative sentencing
Process by which the actual length of the sentence is left up to the administrators of the correctional system, as seen in such processes as good time credit, probation, parole, and program participation, the actual sentence served is set by the executive
Determinate sentencing
A flat sentence of punishment imposed by the sentencing court
Sentencing guidelines
System of sentencing that imposes a pre-done a fied sentence length based on prior criminal history and crime severity, which allows judges to depart from the guidelines if warranted by the circumstances
Modify
Appeal court order requiring change in the trial court's legal decision on guilt or other rights
Presumptive sentencing
A sentence mechanism fixed Buy a sentencing commission or legislature that identifies maximum and minimum sentences for punishment to be imposed by the judge, but permitting adjustment for special circumstances
Deterrents by sentencing
Discouraging the individual and the publics propensity to commit additional crimes by imposition of harsh punishment; goal is crime reduction
Railroading
The formal or even informal violation of civil rights of the cues that leads to incapacitation or other unjustified punishment
Due Process
Legal requirement that constitutional rights of the accused and correctional clients will confirm to guaranteed constitutional protection minimums
Collateral attack
The process of raising additional legal questions and other courts but before case disposition
Double jeopardy
The second trying of a suspect of thunder for the same crime as originally charged
Court of last resort
The highest appeal court having jurisdiction within that particular geographical area
Court of Appeals
Any higher court with postconviction authority; I need Court authorized to treat with contempt decisions made by the lower court
Reverse
Appeal courts order to cease acting, operating, or arranging in a manner contrary to the usual
Remaned
To send a case back to the trier of fact for considerations not contrary to the appeal court order
Affirm
Appeal courts decision that due process have not been violated by the government
Writ of Habeas corpus
I judicial order demanding that another person holding an inmate to produce the same in court, and to justify continued imprisonment
Civil rights
Those rights defined in the US Constitution or accorded through judicial decisions
Writ of mandamus
I judicial order requiring the recipient to confirm to the courts decision
Suspended sentence
Court determination to stop some formal processing of an offender, primarily stopping prosecution, not pronouncing a determined of guilt, or court not requiring a sentence
Right of sanctuary
Privilege to avoid punishment by the funders re-location to a sacred city or location
Benefit of clergy
The exclusion of offenders from the death penalty if able to read particular segment of ancient texts
Stigma
A mark of shame and disgrace attached to the thunder by virtue of his or her having committed an offense
Sursis
A suspended sentence in European countries requiring no further punishment provided the funder remains crime free during a specified time period.
John Augustus
Known as the parent of probation who motivated the creation of probation in Boston, working with alcoholics and appearing before the court to request no further or minimal punishment
Risk and need assessments
Instrument used to determine the probability of recidivism further criminal behavior
Special conditions of probation
Additional punishments ordered by the courts to probationers, such as fines, electric monitoring, in house arrest
Technical probation violation
Probation sentence change due to charges that the funder violated the rules imposed by the court, but not by committing a new crime
Probation revocation
Change of a sentence from probation to another correctional control status, due to violation of conditions under probation
Gagnon v scarpelli
US Supreme Court decision that help probation is a privilege, not a right, but, once, granted, the probationer as an interest in remaining on probation
Broken windows probation
Consult that the probation officer is asked to communicate with victims in the community, hold off under accountable, and improve the leadership of probation
Proactive supervision
Treatment strategy serving to prepare for, interventions in, or control and expected occurrence or situation by a finders on probation, especially a negative or difficult one
Front end solutions
Options for controlling the number of inmates being sent to prison
Back and solutions
Strategies for reducing prison population overcrowding by early release programs, such as parole, shock parole, and expanded goodtime credits
Diversion
Minimizing penetration into the criminal justice system through police, community, and the court programs
Pretrial intervention programs
Requiring the phone it's awaiting trial to report to a supervision officer
Treatment in lieu of conviction
Divers and offered to offenders in which successfully completion of probation allows the prosecutor drudge to seize prosecution of treatment program results are no conviction
Community correction acts
Legislation that funds local community correctional programs designed to divert offenders from prison
Intermediate sanctions
Directional programs or fall somewhere between probation in prison
Day reporting center
Facility to which offenders are sent for scheduling and monitoring of their activities
Restitution order
Requirement that offender repay the victim
Risk management
Strategies designed to provide increased supervision and surveillance for high-risk offenders and less restrictive options for those of the lower risk
Desistance
Seizing of criminal behavior by the funder. Can also imply lessening of the severity of criminal offenses
Restitution order
Requirement that offender repay the victim
Tourniquet sentencing
Want to judge increases the sanctions and conditions imposed on an offender
Community work order
Requiring a finders to provide service to the community to help repair the harm they have committed
Home detention
Sentencing whereby offenders serve at least some of their sentence in their own house
Community residential treatment center
Also known as a halfway house, a residential facility that provides room and board as well as rehabilitation programming
Shock probation
Designed to give offenders are sure taste of the bars followed by a period of supervise probation
Boot Camp
Modeled after military boot camps, offenders are required to engage in strict discipline and physical regiment
Bureaucratic control
Predominant public administration format for prison operations
Graduated release
Programs for bridging inmate status from imprisonment to community control
Correctional officer's
Line prison officers working directly with inmate population
Unionization
Organize Asian of correctional officers for purposes of improve work conditions or salaries
Blue flu
Polly used by correctional officers to strengthen their hands in negotiations with command officers
Total institution
Term describing institutional control over inmates in prison operations
Prisonization
Process of adopting the culture of the prison
Sally port
Double gated entry or exit point that restrict movement between the free world and prison