The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. T/F
FALSE
Enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons is characteristic of the Period of _______
Transition
The avoidance of judicial intervention in the operation of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators is the _________
hands-off doctrine
Pennsylvania's first two prisons were the ______ and the _______
Western State Penitentiary, Eastern State Penitentiary
There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction. T/F
TRUE
How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission?
A. by assisting courts in the decision to grant bail
B. by supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction
C. by imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the cou
D
The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?
A. separation
B. silence
C. working with other inmates
D. reformation of inmates
C
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. T/F
TRUE
England used __________ in the 17th and 18th centuries to remove criminals from society by sending them to its colonies.
transportation
The Walnut Street jail had the reformation of the offender as its primary objective. T/F
TRUE
The existence of physical features common in the early stages of human evolution is called __________.
atavism
This sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, encouraged reform of English jails in the late 1700s.
John Howard
What is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
Penal code
The __________ Era, from 1910 to 1935, emphasized inmate manufacture of products that could help to make the prisons self-sustaining.
Industrial Prison
This theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act.
Jeremy Bentham
The three major components of the criminal justice system are __________, __________, and __________.
police, courts, corrections
This Italian physician concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution.
Cesare Lombroso
From 1991 to 2000, crime decreased significantly. T/F
TRUE
Public attitudes have consistently supported rehabilitating criminal offenders. T/F
TRUE
The correctional system handles an extremely large percentage of criminals. T/F
FALSE
What theory links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
the Classical School
This 18th-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology.
Cesare Beccaria
What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States?
Walnut Street Jail
__________ is the correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering.
Punishment
This system was known as the "congregate and silent" system.
Auburn system
The __________ is one of the earliest known penal codes.
Code of Hammurabi
The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain is part of the __________.
hedonistic calculus
__________ is defined as the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.
Corrections
What is the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
the Positive School
Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers. T/F
TRUE
Recently, the principle of restoration of the damage resulting from crime has increased in importance. T/F
TRUE
The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and parole has decreased significantly. T/F
FALSE
What is the term for correctional staff who aid in the policy development process?
correctional policy analysts
This early colonial bail system enabled the rich to pay a fee and be released.
fee system
The amount of money that criminal justice agencies receive has expanded exponentially. T/F
TRUE
How do correctional agencies achieve the short-term protection of society?
By detaining inmates in jail or incarcerating them in prison
The stages of this system were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave.
Irish system
What did the Quakers' criminal code include?
free food and lodging to inmates
The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years. T/F
FALSE
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is __________.
specific deterrence
General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments. T/F
TRUE
The United States has a single, nationwide system of corrections. T/F
FALSE
Prisons were developed in colonial times as a punishment for crime. T/F
FALSE
The three governmental levels of correctional systems are __________, __________, and __________.
federal, state, local
Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system?
A. It made inmates mentally ill
B. It was expensive
C. It had low productivity
D. all of the above
D
__________ is simply the study of punishment.
Penology
The __________ is a theory of corrections that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.
medical model
Which school recognized that there was much ground between total free will and determinism?
Neoclassical School
What happens to the number of clients processed and managed by the criminal justice system each year?
it increases
This correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future.
Reformatory Era
Non-incarceration sentences include economic sanctions, probation, and intermediate sanctions. T/F
TRUE
What country originated pretrial release programs?
England
Most states require PSIs for felony cases that allow the possibility of probation. T/F
TRUE
Which is not a goal of mental health courts?
A. To stop the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals
B. Increase public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals
C. Increase treatment to mentally ill individuals
D. Impro
A
What is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)?
the range of allowable sanctions
What is a reason that states have adopted sentencing guidelines?
A. It was believed that judges were too harsh on offenders.
B. Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
C. Judges weren't providing wri
B
Which is not an advantage of a diversionary treatment program?
A. They reduce the demands on the court and prosecutors to process the case as a criminal activity.
B. They cost considerably less than criminal justice processing.
C. Offenders avoid the stig
D
In this sentencing model, judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence.
Judicial sentencing
In 1994, California expanded the definition of three-strikes laws to include some second-felony offenders. T/F
TRUE
Who initiated the concept of "good time?
Alexander Maconochie
Good time is used only in determinate sentences because it allows inmates to reduce the time until their eligibility for release. T/F
FALSE
Which of the following does not define a pretrial diversion program?
A. It offers people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings.
B. The accused participates on a volunteer basis only.
C. It occurs between the formal f
D
Which is not a sentencing option?
parole
Which is not an alternative to bail?
preventive detention
Mental health courts are merely drug courts handling the mentally ill. T/F
FALSE
These are sentences in which a release authority determines the actual time served with a range of minimum and maximum times to be served.
indeterminate sentences
Which is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release?
The bail process discriminates against the poor
This 1987 Supreme Court decision upheld the ability of a magistrate to confine an offender on the presumption that he or she was dangerous.
US v. Salerno
In the distant past, PSIs were shorter, factual without opinion, and designed to avoid legal challenges by the defense. T/F
FALSE
In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
reasons for leniency
In many criminal cases, offenders are charged with more than one crime or with several counts of the same crime. T/F
TRUE
What is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing?
bail
What is a plea bargain?
The defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence without going to trial.
A crime that is punishable by less than one year of incarceration is a felony. T/F
FALSE
A little fewer than half of the counties in the United States have a jail. T/F
FALSE
Drug courts are usually a unit outside the court system. T/F
FALSE
Pretrial diversion programs are sometimes referred to as "deferred prosecution" or "probation without adjudication." T/F
TRUE
These are sentences that run at the same time.
concurrent sentences
Laws that require judges to sentence third-time felons to extremely long or life sentences are __________.
three-strikes laws
Very few felony cases result in a guilty plea by the defendant, and instead go to trial. T/F
FALSE
By the beginning of the 20th century, preparation for release was considered to be important, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community. T/F
TRUE
The PSI is not intended to assist courts in the sentencing decision. T/F
FALSE
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may not be required?
Eighth
A sentence of a fixed term is a(n) __________.
determinate sentence
What may the PSI also be used for?
classifying offenders to determine program needs in prison
What information is collected in the PSI interview?
A. information from offenders' past employers
B. information from offenders' spouses
C. information from offenders' parents
D. all of these
D
Under mandatory minimum sentences, the sentencing judge may impose a sentence of probation, assess a fine, or suspend the prison sentence as long as a reason is given. T/F
FALSE
__________ is a reward for good behavior that affords inmates the opportunity to reduce their time in prison.
Good time
What type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
felony
Intermediate sanctions provide less supervision and monitoring than standard probation. T/F
FALSE
Until the late 1960s, probation and parole supervision focused on restoring offenders to the community. T/F
TRUE
In 1973, this Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
Probation can be revoked for __________, that is, not meeting all the conditions of supervision.
technical violations
The number of face-to-face contacts that officers have with probationers never varies, regardless of caseload size and type of supervision. T/F
FALSE
What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
intensive-supervision
Boot camps are popular because they are less expensive to operate than probation and many prisons. T/F
FALSE
A probationer cannot be arrested and detained in jail during the revocation process. T/F
FALSE
This is sometimes referred to as "community control.
house arrest
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
Bearden v. Georgia
This style of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision.
casework style
Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?
Mempa v. Rhay
This type of supervision is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.
administrative supervision
In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
US v. Birnbaum
Which is a standard condition of probation?
The probationer must remain employed
__________ is a requirement that offenders repay society for the harm created by the offense.
Offender restitution
Most probationers are placed on regular supervision. T/F
TRUE
Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement. T/F
FALSE
This is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense.
victim compensation
Judges have little discretion in imposing special conditions of probation. T/F
FALSE
The cost associated with supervision in the community that offenders must pay for, such as drug testing, is the __________.
cost of supervision
Which era of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
Reintegrative
Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?
minimum supervision
Which is not a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?
A. The court may reprimand and restore to supervision.
B. The court may add conditions and restore to probation.
C. The court may revoke probation and order imprisonment
D
Shock probation is generally believed to be a low-cost and effective intermediate sanction for less serious felons. T/F
TRUE
The stay at a community residential center may be as short as 30 days. T/F
TRUE
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which era of corrections?
Reintegrative
A(n) __________ caseload comprises standard probationers who require no special program or supervision.
regular
The __________ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody.
surveillance
Offenders can pay restitution through community service. T/F
TRUE
Electronic monitoring is a criminal sanction, not a method of supervision. T/F
FALSE
Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment. T/F
FALSE
Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders?
net widening
Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach. T/F
TRUE
Which is not a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
the rise in the number of plea-bargains
Over the past 50 years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased. T/F
TRUE
What is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follow certain rules and commit no further crimes?
probation
The major component of this alternative to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work.
boot camp
During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and have the opportunity to testify. T/F
TRUE
On which model is shock probation based?
specific deterrence
Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
broken-windows probation
What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes?
suicide
This was an early English term for a jail.
gaol
The average length of stay in a jail is 30 months. T/F
FALSE
Which is the incorrect way to run a jail?
by force
The suicide rate in the community is much higher than in prison or in jails. T/F
FALSE
Jail classification systems have no major problems, and plenty of information is available about jail inmates. T/F
FALSE
The nation's jails employ less than half as many staff as state and federal prisons. T/F
TRUE
An effective written suicide prevention policy details this.
A. training of correctional and mental health staff
B. intake screening and assessment
C. communication between the transporting officer and jail staff
D. all of these
D
Which best describes typical jail inmates?
Most have previously been on probation or in jail or prison
Early jails in the American colonies followed the English model. T/F
TRUE
The high volume of jail admissions and releases often results in mistakes. T/F
TRUE
The largest percentage of jail staff are __________, who supervise inmates or provide facility security.
jail officers
There are approximately 1,350 jails in the United States. T/F
FALSE
Jail staff are always extremely outnumbered by the inmates in any correctional setting. T/F
TRUE
Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
the staff
Which is true of private correctional facilities?
A. They are operated by non-governmental agencies.
B. They are operated in a for-profit manner.
C. They contract with governments to provide offender security, housing, and programs.
D. all of these
D
The number of people per 100,000 residents who are in jail or prison is the __________.
incarceration rate
Which was not a requirement of the English Penitentiary Act of 1779?
confining several inmates to a cell
Jails are exciting places, and inmates have plenty to do. T/F
FALSE
Jails have limited programs, such as education, substance abuse counseling, or work. T/F
TRUE
Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade?
The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased
The number of people in the nation's jails has not risen significantly over the past 20 years. T/F
FALSE
What is another main factor that differentiates jails from prisons besides the number of admissions?
length of stay
The time than an inmate serves in a jail or prison is the __________.
length of stay
What elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
sheriff
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
three times as many
Each year, jails admit about four times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined. T/F
TRUE
Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement. T/F
FALSE
Who might be found in an early English jail?
A. displaced persons
B. the poor
C. the mentally ill
D. all of these
D
A jail that serves more than one county is a(n) __________ jail.
regional
Which is not one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
A. They provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims.
B. They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance ab
B
Which is not a reason for the increase in jail population?
fewer arrests
Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment?
Eighth
Most new jails are constructed and managed using which concept?
direct supervision
Over the last 30 years, the number of criminal offenders with mental illness has risen. T/F
TRUE
Sentenced offenders can serve up to one year in jail. T/F
TRUE
Who might be confined in a modern jail?
A. probation, parole, and bail bond violators
B. mentally ill people
C. individuals held for the military
D. all of these
D
A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within:
48 hours
__________ is the management of suicidal inmates who are placed in a specially designed cell and have constant supervision.
Suicide watch
Jail inmates may only have non-contact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?
attorneys
Sentencing goals for corrections:
Punishment
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Restitution
6 alternatives to bail:
Personal recognizance
Unsecured bond
Percentage bond
Surety bond
Collateral
Third-party custody
Father of probation
John Augustus
a period of proving oneself
probatio
4 principles of the Penitentiary Act of 1779:
Secure and sanitary structures
Systematic inspections
No fees be charged to inmates
Inmates confined in solitary cells but worked in common rooms during the day
...
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