safe prison
one in which staff and inmates are relatively safe from assaults or other violent acts
secure prison
one in which inmates are prevented from escaping and unable to get to prohibited areas of the prison
eight types of activities that combine to create a safe and secure environment in a prison
1. Effective inmate classification systems. The goal of an inmate classification system is to separate offenders according to risk of violence and escape, and to match offender needs with correctional resources. The physical security of a prison should be
inmate accountability
The staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point in time within a prison
work details
Benefit inmates as a rehabilitative tool; inmates learn how to work for a supervisor, follow instructions, and develop positive work habits. Work programs benefit prison administrators by keeping inmates busy and assisting in maintaining control of the pr
Controlled movement
the procedure used by prisons to maintain accountability for inmates as they move throughout the prison
pass system
a form of inmate movement in which an inmate is issued a pass by the work or program supervisor to go to a scheduled appointment
inmates daily routine
awake 5:30 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. leave their cells at 6:00 a.m. to shower and prepare for the workday; dining hall for breakfast from 6:30 to 7:00 and must return to their housing unit by 7:15 a.m.; work call at 7:30 a.m., and inmates move to their assigned j
Casual supervision
supervision by staff members who are not responsible for inmates, but still have the opportunity to see their movements or activities
Direct supervision
assigned staff can directly see and watch inmates and their activities; work and program supervisors are responsible for inmates during the times of their assignment, and correctional officers are responsible for inmates assigned to areas that they superv
regular counts
the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the prison and have not escaped
stand-up count
the most formal count of the day, at which inmates must stand at their cell door or by their dormitory bed to be counted and matched to the number of inmates assigned to each housing area
census counts
a less formal count conducted at program and work assignments by the staff responsible for supervising inmates
random counts
counts done at any time, freezing inmates at whatever location they are in when the random count is called
how contraband may end up in an inmate's possession
receive prohibited items hidden in mail or packages
visitors may bring contraband items into the prison and give them to an inmate
available in the prison, but should not be in possession of inmates without staff supervision
unethical staff members may pr
Stockholm Syndrome
or capture-bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending and identifying with the captors. These feelings are generally considered
racial segregation article
history reveals that the modem prison evolved in a way that maintained white supremacy. Because of this past and present social meaning, all prison race segregation must face the most exacting scrutiny, including inquiry into less restrictive altematives.
Inmate Programs
Programming starts early; assessments are made to assign prisoners to the right prison and programs; important to treat disorders and focus on rehab at the same time; had a program for sex offenders for "no more victims" and taking responsibility and be a
rehabilitation
To return to a previous form
Starting Over: Prison Education Program Sees Stunning Result
95% of prisoners are released back into society and program allows inmates to get a college degree; recognize what they did was wrong, and get a degree to better themselves; education is the #1 re-entry program
lease system
state prisons accepted bids and leased out prisoners to the private sector, which would work the inmates in their industrial operations
state-use system
only allowing prison-made goods to be sold to and used by the state and federal government agencies
religious programs
Weight lifting is most controversial; some types of organized and supervised activities are important to maintain order, the public does not like the image of inmates with too much idle time, watching color television or lifting weights
PIE program
prison industry programs operated by private companies, with prison goods authorized to be sold on the open market if the program is certified as meeting certain conditions
benefits achieved from prison industries
1. Industrial work assignments that are similar to private-sector operations provide inmates realistic work experience and instill positive work habits.
2. Work experience can provide valuable training and skill development that inmates can use after rele
most effective treatment for substance abuse
Residential treatment
percentage of states is involved in the PIE Program; number of inmates employed
2/3; 5,103
prison inmates doing weight-lifting
inmates who get stronger represent a danger to correctional and law enforcement personnel who may have to physically control them; riot of 1993 weights were used to break into rooms to take guards hostage
hours per day and days per week are most inmates required to work
6 hours per day 5 days per week
necessary conditions for Prison Industry Enhancement Certification
� Paying the inmates wages comparable with similar jobs in the community.
� Consulting with representatives of private industry and organized labor.
� Certifying that the PIE industry does not displace employed workers in the community.
� Collecting funds
prevalence of any drug dependence or abuse among state and federal prisoners in 2004
Any dependence or abuse State 53.4% Federal 45.5%
Dependence and abuse State 34.9% Federal 27.5
Dependence only State 1.2% Federal 1.2
Abuse only State 17.3% Federal 16.8
No dependence or abuse* State 46.6% Federal 54.5%
eliminate Pell grants
complaints that inmates should not get a "free" college education in prison
vocational training
specific training in a trade area to prepare students
treatment
the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders that make success in the community more difficult
Hawes-Cooper Act of 1929
As prison industry programs expanded during the early 1900s, organized labor began to complain about the unfair competition resulting from prisons' sale of goods using free inmate labor; requires that prison products be subject to the laws of any state to
inmate confined to their cell
Six to eight hours per day
staff trained to monitor inmates
As many hours per day as possible
staff conduct searches either of areas of the prison or of inmates themselves
Staff spends a considerable amount of time conducting searches of not only the inmates but all the surrounding areas
initiation of prison riots
Investigations of inmate riots and disturbances have discovered that most are not planned or precisely initiated by inmate leaders. Disturbances more often result from the coalescing of two types of factors and events. Brought on by environmental factors
Precipitating event
often thought of as the "spark in the haystack," that sets off an inmate riot; usually must be preceded by the right environmental factors before a precipitating event creates the beginning of a prison riot
environmental factors
create tension and an underlying unrest among inmates; can include hot weather, reduction in budgets for recreation equipment, prison crowding, poor food service or medical care, a perceived pattern of unfairness in prison management, or poor security pro
contraband
any item that inmates are not allowed to possess, including items that can assist in an escape, are dangerous, can undermine prison physical security, or are nuisance items
SERT Team
an emergency team trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation
shadow board
a light-colored background with the outline of the tool painted on it, allowing for a missing tool or knife to be quickly noticed
custody
all the activities that provide for the overall control of inmate behavior, in a way that reduces the likelihood of escape or violence
slave-of-the-state
doctrine as decided in the 1871 decision of Ruffin v. the Commonwealth of Virginia, that held inmates were slaves of the state and had no rights that were not granted them by the state
Section 1983
Covers being allowed to congregate, eat their prescribed religious diet, or wear distinctive items of clothing, all of which were basic tenets of their religious practice
precedents
decisions of the courts that come before and are therefore binding on later decisions of courts within the same jurisdiction
prevalence of inmate lawsuits done over the last decade
Declined significantly
inmates not allowed to solicit other inmates to join an inmate union
Compared to yelling fire in the middle of a theatre, would create riot conditions; there was a valid security interest in prison officials reading inmate mail, but determined that they could not censor it. Prison officials also cannot prevent inmates from
inmates expectation of privacy
The courts have ruled that inmates do not have an expectation of privacy while in prison
capital punishment in North American colonies and England
Many crimes and not just murder had a penalty of death or brutal corporal punishment
Violent Crime Control Act of 1994
(1) specified that federal courts find a violation of the Eighth Amendment only if the inmate filing the suit demonstrates that he or she has personally suffered from overcrowding conditions, (2) prohibited federal courts from imposing a population cap on
legal material
prisons must provide sufficient legal materials to enable inmates to conduct legal research in order to have reasonable access to the courts (Younger v. Gilmore, 1971)
female officers search female inmates and male officers search male inmates
Grummett v. Rushen (1984), the court agreed with California prison officials that prohibiting female correctional officers from being assigned to housing areas in which inmates could be seen in partial or total nudity did not outweigh the women's equal em
Cooper v. Pate
the Court effectively ended the hands-off doctrine by recognizing that inmates could sue prison officials for violation of their rights under the Constitution. With this decision, the world of inmate lawsuits and legal issues for inmates changed forever.
Gittlemacker v. Prasse
Muslim inmates have been allowed to have a special meal to end Ramadan,
despite prison officials' argument that provision of special food served after sunset
would be cost prohibitive
Bell v. Wolfish
Court held that there is no one-person, one-cell guarantee within a prison; the Court reviewed conditions and practices at a federal jail for short-term offenders in New York City. Even though the jail was recently constructed, it was already overcrowded,
Rhodes v. Chapman
determined that double-celling in itself does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment, in that it does not "inflict unnecessary or wanton pain.
Cruz v. Beto
the Supreme Court stated that inmates must be given a "reasonable opportunity" to practice their religion, even if the inmates' faith is not traditional or conventional
Estelle v. Gamble
the Supreme Court determined that prison officials have a duty to provide medical treatment to inmates, since inmates are dependent on them to provide for their medical needs. In this case, the Court prohibited "deliberate indifference" in responding to i
Wolff v. McDonnel
which dealt with a claim that the state of Nebraska disciplinary processes denied inmates due process and were therefore unconstitutional. However, the Supreme Court differentiated between due process required by a defendant at trial and that of a prison
Atkins v. Virginia
executions of mentally retarded criminals were "cruel and unusual punishment" under the Eighth Amendment
Roper v. Simmons
more often than in adults, juveniles are more vulnerable or susceptible to negative influences and outside pressures, and the character of a juvenile is not as well formed as that of an adult. The Court's ruling removed seventy-two juveniles in twelve sta
due process rights afforded inmates during a disciplinary hearing
� The right to receive advance written notice of the alleged infraction
� The right to have sufficient time (at least twenty-four hours) to prepare a defense
� The right to present documentary evidence and to call witnesses on the prisoner's behalf, unles
recent reduction in the number of inmate lawsuits
The beginning of the restrictions on inmates' rights was the 1987 case of Turner v. Safley, when the Supreme Court ruled that correctional administrators could restrict inmates' constitutional rights to reasonably further a legitimate penological interest
last public execution in the United States
1936, when several thousand people witnessed the execution by hanging of a black man convicted of raping and murdering a white woman in a small town in Kentucky
States with No death penalty
Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin
common serious concern for the death penalty
Potential for error, or the fallibility
DEATH PENALTY ESSAY SUMMARY
Keeping the death penalty would be so that the benefits could be reaped. Benefits of the death penalty, one could consider the closure that is given to the victims and to society to have a convicted criminal put to death for their heinous crimes. The deat
U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights as the dominant source of inmate rights
just as they are the source of the rights granted to all citizens of the United States. The primary amendments that are used as a basis of lawsuits by prison inmates are the Eighth (prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment) and the Fourteenth (providing d
8th Amendment
cruel and unusual punishment
14th Amendment
right to due process
Wilson v. Seiter - deliberate indifference
the conscious or reckless disregard of the consequences of one's acts or omissions
Death Penalty for Wyoming
Wyoming - First-degree murder; murder during the commission of sexual assault, sexual abuse of a minor, arson, robbery, burglary, escape, resisting arrest, kidnapping, or abuse of a minor under 16 (W.S.A. � 6-2-101 (a))
Wyoming Prison Museum Tour of the Death House
Two forms of execution. Julien Gallows - man would step on the platform, about a minute and a half before enough of the water was out of the bucket for the man to hang so that another person would not have to take their life. After 1933 hanging was no lon
lethal injection arguments
Violation of 8th Amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment; no evidence exists, inmate attorneys suggest that the use of the first two drugs may not always work, and the inmate can suffer during the process; opposing licensed medical personnel ad
four traditional reasons to impose capital punishment
Deterrence; Retribution; Incapacitation; Cost
comparison with Asia further illuminates what is peculiar-and ordinary-in American capital punishment.
It is often said that American capital punishment fulfills no purposes, serves no functions, and possesses no coherent rationale. In Peculiar Institution: America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition (2010), argues that American capital punishment is fu
4th Amendment
search & seizure