_____ have developed as several small counties form coalitions to jointly fund, build, and operate a facility that would serve all the counties, and result in economies of scale
Regional jails
The _____ can be misleading and has been defined in two different ways: 1) the time served in a jail or prison by any inmate or 2) the average amount of time served by inmates during a given time-frame
length of stay
The overall goal of _____ is to maintain homogeneity of inmates by risk of violence and escape and ensure they are placed in prisons physically design to meet this need
inmate classification
Probationers can have their probation revoked for either of two types of violations: _____ and _____
technical violations
new-crime violations
The _____ prohibits and entity from discriminating against an individual with a disability in regards to employment, public services and transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications services
Americans with Disabilities Act
_____ is the formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management over workplace issues
Collective bargaining
In 1969, the US Supreme Court in _____ recognized that inmates, to have full access to the courts, must often have legal assistance, and ruled that inmates have a right to consult other inmates for legal advice if trained legal advisors are not available
Johnson v. Avery
In Estelle v. Gamble, the Court prohibited _____ in responding to inmate medical needs
deliberate indifference
In 1991, _____, the court established the principle of "community standards" in that medial care in prisons must be "reasonably commesurate with modern medical science and of a quality acceptable within prudent professional standards
Fernandez v. United States
The formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues is _____
collective bargaining
In 1991, the Court in Wilson v. Seiter noted that inmates must prove that conditions are objectively cruel and unusual and that they exist due to the _____ of prison administrators
deliberate indifference
Regarding conditions of confinement, courts use the totality of conditions test, as originally set forth in _____, to determine if the overall conditions within a prison are such as to be cruel and unusual
Pugh v. Locke
_____ prohibits any person, acting under the color of any statute, ordinance, or regulation (color of law) from depriving another of their constitutional rights
Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act
In 1871, with the decision in Ruffin v. The Commonwealth of Virginia, the Court enunciated the _____ and thus created what became known as the "hands-off" doctrine
slave-of-the-state
The primary amendments that are used as a basis of lawsuits by prison inmates are the _____ Amendments
8th and 14th
In Solem v. Helm, the Court in 1893 developed the test of _____ by saying "as a matter of principle, a criminal sentence must be proportionate to the crime
proportionality
_____ is organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population, while making staff more accessible to inmates
Unit management
In 1977, the Court decided Bounds v. Smith, requiring prisons to provide adequate _____ or adequate assistance from trained legal people
law libraries
In the 1974 case of _____, the Supreme Court differentiated between due process required by a defendant at trial and that of a prison inmate, and enumerated those steps required for prison due process when facing a prison disciplinary hearing
Wolff v. McDonnell
The process required to find that an inmate committed a prohibited act is the _____ system
inmate disciplinary
_____ are the functions required to operate a prison such as budget and finance, human resources, and work programs
Services
A program to recognize and reward staff who perform beyond their expected level is called an _____
employee awards program
In _____, routine strip searches of inmates are deemed not to be a violation of the 4th Amendment because they are reasonable to maintain security within a prison
Bell v. Wolfish
In 1970, _____ found that if people of reasonable sensitivity found the treatment shocking or disgusting, it would also be considered rule and unusual
Holt v. Sarver
An _____ is used to determine whether job candidates have issues or conditions that could put them in a compromising situation
integrity interview
The balancing test created in _____ is the guideline used in determining the reasonableness of restricting 1st Amendment rights to inmates
Pell v. Procunier
In 1979, Bell v. Wolfish adopted the _____
punitive intent standard
In _____, the courts established a reasonableness test, in which the restriction of religious practice must reasonably be related to a legitimate penological interest, such as security or safety, but possibly including conserving resources
Turner v. Safley
The main functions of the office of the director of a state department of corrections are _____
administration
human resource
field operation
community supervision
Which is not an element of a state's death penalty that must exist in order to be constitutional, according to the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia?
During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances
Legal offices deal with three general categories; all of the following are included except
Creating contracts for the correctional facilities
What is the custody and security component within a prison often called?
Correctional services
What has led to a reduction in the number of inmate lawsuits?
all of the above
In this case, the US Supreme Court found that a state statute allowing capital punishment of persons convicted of raping a child violated the 8th Amendment
Kennedy v. Louisiana
In this 1974 case, the Supreme Court set forth that inmates had some due process rights when facing a prison disciplinary hearing
Wolff v. McDonnell
In which 1977 case did the Supreme Court accede that inmates who practiced the religion of the Church of the New Song could receive steak and wine as a part of their meals?
None of the above
Which administrative function is not a typical responsibility of the central organization of a correctional agency?
Inmate management
Which is not an inmate due process right in the area of prison disciplinary hearings?
The right to a jury trial
In this 2002 case, the Supreme Court determined that executions of mentally retarded criminals were "cruel and unusual" punishment?
Atkins v. Virginia
What are staff that provide rehabilitative activities sometimes called?
Professional staff
How do prison classification systems help to control inmate behavior?
All of the above
Which is key to controlling inmates' behavior?
Clear, consistent policies and procedures
Why did the Supreme Court believe it good policy to continue the hands-off approach?
All of the above
The _____ was not created until Illinois passed the Juvenile Court Act, and the first juvenile court was established in Cook County (Chicago) in 1899
juvenile justice system
According to Goffman, a _____ is a setting isolating people from the rest of society and unnecessarily manipulating them through actions of the staff
total institution
The _____ is the expected rules and behaviors represented by the model prisoner, reflecting the values and norms of prison society
inmate code
_____ is the process of inmates taking on the folkways, mores, and customs of general prison culture
Prisonization
Donald Clemmer was the first to identify the special adaptation that inmates make as they spend time together in prison, coining the term _____
prisonization
There are two theories on how inmate culture becomes part of prison life; culture is _____ and culture is _____
imported
indigenous
To _____ is to tell correctional officials everything a gang members knows about the gang operations and membership. It results in inmates becoming an enemy of the gang
debrief
The term _____ describes long-term inmates who become used to the prison society and find a way to live in that environment with a minimal amount of problems and disruptions
convict
_____ in prison serves many purposes
Humor
A major step forward in the treatment of female offenders occurred in 1863, when the _____ opened a separate unit for females and hired females as guards or matrons
Detroit House of Correction
Inmates who are usually first-time offenders and have more identification with straight society and the norms of non-criminals are _____
square johns
_____ collect intelligence and advise administrators regarding strategies to manage and contain prison gang activity
Gang intelligence officers
_____ occurs between two or more individual inmates, with the reason being a personal issue between the individuals
Interpersonal violence
Family organizations formed by female inmates who take the roles of parents and children and other relatives are called _____
pseudo-families
_____ are inmates who have adopted a career of crime and are doing their prison time until they can get out and hit the big score
Thieves
_____ occurs between and is initiated by groups of inmates and includes prison riots and disturbances
Collective violence
A _____ is used to identify and classify levels of gang involvement and requires several identifiers of gang activity to confirm individuals' gang involvement level
gang validation process
In _____, the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process
Kent v. United States
In _____, the Supreme Court determined that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt
In re Winship
Mentally ill inmates are more likely to have _____ than other inmates
disciplinary problems
_____ is the dominant feature of supermax prisons
Security
As long as the purpose of confinement is for _____, a state may commit a sex offender to an institution indefinitely
treatment of the offender
In _____, the Supreme Court upheld the use of preventive detention pending trial for juveniles
Schall v. Martin
In _____, the Supreme Court ruled that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination
In re Gault
Male inmates adjust to incarceration by _____ and trying to do their time independently
isolation
_____ is a category of violent inmates who are predatory, calculating, and usually act violently for no good reason
Psychopathic offenders
_____ are children who, while committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian possible because the parent is mentally unable to at in that capacity
Dependent children
_____ have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care, or are in a situation that is harmful to them and their upbringing
Neglected children
_____ have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult
Delinquent children
_____ is the temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency
Juvenile detention
An _____ is conducted by juvenile probation department to determine if sufficient evidence exists to formally process an allegation
intake
A _____ is informal; it admits to wrongdoing and follows certain conditions
consent decree
An _____ is an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult
status offense
The period from 1824 to 1899 when delinquent or neglected children were placed in homes for training and discipline is the _____
Refuge Period
The doctrine of _____ is the basis for the juvenile court and correctional systems to take responsibility for juvenile delinquents
parens patriae
The term _____ was coined to describe a generation of juveniles who practiced nearly indiscriminate violence on the streets
superpredator
The direct assignment of specific offenses committed by juveniles to be handled in the adult courts is _____ waiver
mandatory
_____ waivers are when juvenile courts decide on a case-by-case basis whether the court will waive the processing of the juvenile to adult court
Discretionary
The upper or oldest age at which a juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenders is the _____
age of original jurisdiction
A youth who is under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts is under _____
concurrent jurisdiction
A _____ is sometimes referred to as informal probation
consent decree
A statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed is a _____
delinquency petition
_____ is the supervision of a juvenile in the community after he or she has served time in a juvenile correctional institution
Aftercare
_____ are those whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision
Special offenders
Currently, _____ states allow juveniles who commit offenses to be waived from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and be prosecuted in the adult criminal court system
all
The _____ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody
surveillance
In 1974, _____ found that the state of New Mexico was not providing parity in vocational training and work opportunities for female inmates, and ruled that such disparity could not be justified just because the smaller number of female inmates made it mor
Barefield v. Leach
A _____ is a legal order for an individual to appear at a future proceeding
summons
Part of the _____ is to protect society by surveillance and control, treatment and rehabilitation, and incapacitation of offenders
mission of corrections
In 1995 _____ found that just the fact that there are differences in programs between male and female prisons is not necessarily a violation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution
Pargo v. Elliot
In the 1979 case Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, the Supreme Court determined that _____ was legally a privilege and not a right
parole
_____ is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence in comparison to the sentence allowable for the charged offense
Plea bargaining
Correctional agencies carry out the sentence of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the _____
state penal code
The _____ is the number of people per 100,000 US residents who are incarcerated in either a jail or a prison
incarceration rate
_____ is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority
Sentencing
The _____ was a system of credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned the required number through work and good behavior
mark system
An institution assigned to house adult felons serving a sentence of one year or more is a _____
prison
It is argued that there is a _____ between being denied bail and conviction
strong correlation
Bearden v. Georgia allowed an exception to _____ by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation
parole violations
_____ are statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates and segregate by sex, age, and specific problem or issue
Objective classification systems
_____ jails used a linear design of rehousing inmates, in which cells were aligned in long, straight rows, with walkways in the front of the cells
1st generation
In some states, _____ conduct parole hearings and recommend decisions to the parole board
hearing officers
_____ is face-to-face contact between a parole officer and an offender
Positive contact
In _____, the court ruled that five criteria should be used to determine discrimination
Pargo v. Elliot
The process by which an inmate leaves prison and returns to the community is _____
prison reentry
A system for matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior is _____
security classification
The central concept of the hedonistic calculus says to prevent crime, punishments should _____ derived from the criminal act
outweigh the pleasure
Parole boards consider inmates' _____ and chances for success and create conditions for supervision and treatment to respond to these risks and needs
levels of risk
Corrections has been described as a system of fully integrated _____
services and functions
The three governmental levels of correctional systems are _____
federal, state, and local
_____ are similar to sentencing guidelines and use predictive factors to determine offenders' risk to the community and chance for success
Parole guidelines
_____ is the condition that exists when minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than in the US population
Racial disparity
_____ is the procedure used by prisons to maintain accountability for inmates as they move throughout the prison
Controlled movement
Order within prison does not result from physical control, numerical superiority, or intimidation by correctional staff. It results from clear and consistent enforcement of rules and inmates perceiving they _____ if they misbehave
have something to lose
This 1972 Supreme Court decision set forth that once parole is granted, offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty is _____
Morissey v. Brewer
There are three main advantages to _____: it reduces the demands on the court, costs considerably less than criminal justice processing, and allows offenders to avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction
pretrial diversion
Cesare Beccaria wrote _____ whose three main ideas are that the purpose of punishment is prevention of crime, that punishment should be certain and swift, and that the emphasis should be on free will and hedonism
Essays on Crime and Punishment
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is _____
specific deterrence
The five _____ for corrections are punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restitution
sentencing goals
In the 1960s, many alternative sanctions to incarceration were developed, and the term _____ was initiated
community corrections
The _____ style of supervising community offenders places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling, and working to make sure the offender successfully completes supervision
casework
According to the role and function of jails, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that confine persons before of after _____
adjudication
A _____ system includes a place for the staff member to write the time the inmate leaves their supervision, and the receiving staff to write the time the inmate arrives and leaves the appointment
prison pass
The 1891 act of Congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons is the _____
Three Penitentiary Act
Jails only hold about _____ percent of all offenders under correctional supervision, but admit four times as many each year as all other correctional components combined
10
In 1973, the _____ Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
_____ is the use of mid-range dispositions that fall between probation and incarceration
Intermediate sanctions
The _____ of 1984 abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders
Sentencing Reform Act
_____ caseloads are comprised of probationers with too high a risk or need to be on regular supervision, and were created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison
Intensive supervision
_____ sentences are those that blend the decision by the sentencing judge and a later decision by a release authority to determine the actual time served
Indeterminate
The founder of the Classical School of punishment was _____
Cesare Beccaria
A statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish is a _____
mission (statement?)
_____ is the suspension of criminal process while the offender is provided a chance to participate in treatment programs
Pretrial diversion
_____ refers to the staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point in time
Inmate accountability
Based on the 1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act, offenders may be detained if considered _____ or a _____ in order to assure appearance in court
dangerous
flight risk
Probation can be revoked for _____, that is, not meeting all the conditions of supervision
technical violations
_____ is detaining an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes they are likely to commit if set free pending trial
Preventive detention
_____ is the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing offenders
Corrections
_____ is the 1981 Supreme Court decision that ruled that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the 8th Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment
Rhodes v. Chapman
_____ is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion from prison
Net widening
The _____ began as an initiative by President Reagan to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment
War on Drugs
_____ is the 19th century director of the Irish prison system who created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison
Sir Walter Crofton
A member of the Classical School, Jeremy Bentham created a concept referring to a person's motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain called _____
the hedonistic calculus
The US penologist who advocated the Irish System in the United States and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory was _____
Zebulon R. Brockway
The _____ started in the 1960s to assist judges in identifying individuals who were good candidates to be released on their own recognizance without commercial or monetary bond
Manhattan Bail Project
_____ systems are risk assessments that predict the chance of an offender in the community committing new crime and help to set the level of supervision the offender needs
Community classification
_____ is a style of inmate supervision with staff located in direct contact with inmates, rehiring staff to continuously supervise and communicate with inmates
Direct supervision
A short period of imprisonnment with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation is _____
shock probation
Corrections has been described as a _____ with no coordination or shared mission by any of its components
non-system
_____ are comprised of probationers with a specific type of problem, such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sex offenses
Special caseloads
Simply stated, _____ is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority
sentencing
Fueled by the idea that "nothing works," the _____ called for a need to be "tough" on criminals
Retributive Era
With _____ jails, jails are designed with remote control centers, in which correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates
3rd generation
Known as the study of punishment, _____ was used until the 1950s when referring to corrections
penology
Pretrial diversion provides the opportunity for a criminal offender to be diverted from _____ in the criminal justice system
processing
_____ granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing
Mempa v. Rhey
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is _____
specific deterrence
The _____ is the agency within the Justice Department that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders
Federal Bureau of Prisons
_____ are institutional classifications such as low, medium, or high
Security classifications
The three major components of the criminal justice system are the _____, _____, and _____
police
courts
corrections
Sentencing, supervision during probation, classifying prisoners, parole decisions and research are the 5 main purposes of the _____
presentencing investigation
An institution designed to house adult felons serving a sentence of one year or more is a _____
prison
A _____ which is prepared by probation officers, is a report detailing the background of offenders and is used in the decision-making process of sentencing
presentencing investigation report
In 1979, the US Supreme Court established the "punitive intent standard" in _____
Bell v. Wolfish
_____ determined that probation is a privilege and not a right
United States v. Birnbaum
The inmates in a prison with no specific designation as a special type of offender are called the _____
general population
_____ in prisons are designed to match the physical security, staff resources, programs, and prison operations with the risk of violence and escape by male inmates assigned to each level
Security levels
The main idea of _____ is that criminals are born and their behavior is predetermined
the Positive School
_____ is a system of structured sentences, based on measures of offense severity and criminal history, which is used to determine the length of the term of imprisonment
Sentencing guidelines
_____ jails used popular housing designs and fully remote supervision
2nd generation
A statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish is a _____
mission
_____, used in 17th and 18th century England, removed offenders from society
Transportation
In South Carolina, diversion from the criminal justice system is called _____
pretrial intervention
_____ is the pledge of money or property in exchange for promise to return to further court proceedings
Bail
Gabriel Tarde, founder of the _____ of punishment, says that nobody has complete free will because their behavior is influenced by gender, age, and social and economic factors
Neoclassical School
Correctional agencies carry out the sentence of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the _____
state penal code
_____ is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations
New penology
The primary purpose of _____ is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes
probation surveillance
For felonies, there are 6 widely accepted _____: they are personal recognizance, unsecured bond, surety bond, percentage bond, collateral, and third-party custody
alternatives to bail
The decision of Congress to make a crime a federal rather than a state offense is to _____ a crime
federalize
Criminal sanctions that involve community supervision of offenders, use correctional and program resources available in the community, and require offenders to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community are _____
community corrections
_____ are those who have committed a legally prohibited sexual at or any crime that is statutorily defined as sexually motivated
Sex offenders
A form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons without separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments is called _____
straight adult incarceration
_____ are freestanding prisons or distinct units within other prisons that manage and securely control inmates who have been designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons
Supermax prisons
_____ is a system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they reach 18, then are transferred to an adult prison to complete their sentence
Graduated incarceration
In _____, juveniles handled by adults courts are assigned to an adult prison, yet are housed separately and placed in special programs that match their age level and needs
segregated incarceration
Treatment in prisons generally falls into three categories: _____, _____, and _____
24 hour residential care
therapy and counseling
psychotropic medications
Three ways juveniles can be transferred:
direct file
waiver
statutory exclusion
What is the relationship that exists when two inmates become jealous and fight over another inmate?
Sexual triangle
This requires the collection of the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities and development of national standards for the reduction of sexual violence in prison
Prison Rape Elimination Act
This is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about prison drug use
Random drug testing
This Quaker tried to convince officials that female prisoners should be separated from male prisoners and that female guards should be hired to supervise them
Elizabeth Fry
A major step forward in the treatment of female offenders happened in 1863 when this superintendent of the Detroit House of Correction opened a separate unit for women
Zebulon Brockway
What is the important difference between male and female inmate culture?
Inmate relationships
To reduce the number of sexual assaults in prisons, which measures may staff use?
All of the above