Many believe that history will define the last years of the 20th century as the beginning of the correctional era of
intermediate sanctions
The inordinate focus on prison as punishment is unwise because
most offenders do not receive a prison sentence
Movement within the "continuum of sanctions" is contingent upon
Performance at each level of sentencing accountability
Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because
they lack self-esteem
A major shift in the working environment of the new corrections professional
Nongovernmental corrections programs, increased emphasis on accountability, and "managing" offenders through the system
What were the results of community corrections legislation in the 1960's and 1970's
Increase in further legislation
According to Clear and Cole
what is essential to the future of intermediate sanctions and community corrections, community acceptance, clarification of goals, overcome the tendency to emphasize incarceration
What groups are affected by the bias that can be present in the selection of intermediate sanctions for offenders
Non-whites and women
The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal. That goal clearly is
Reduce reliance on traditional prison
The California Probation Subsidy Act resulted in
increase in probation spending, lower prison population, policy shifts by local decision makers
Americans have traditionally tended to equate ____ with punishment
Prison
The most common sanction in the U.S.
Probation
Germany imposes what as a sole sanction on 2/3 of its property offenders
Fines
The average probationer in the U.S. has approximately how long for contact with their probations officer per week
15 minutes
A range of correctional management strategies that vary in intrusiveness and control is
Continuum of sanctions
A new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is called
intermediate sanctions
Diverting offenders from state prisons to locally administered correctional programs is the goal of
probation
Some of the concerns about intermediate sanctions include
deciding which agencies will run the programs, how to select appropriate offenders, widening the net (all)
Which of the following is not a type of intermediate sanction
restoration
A major criticism of probation
as traditionally practiced, it is inadequate for a large number of offenders
Home confinement is a period of
incarceration
Home confinement is best suited to
low-risk offenders and offenders with relatively stable residences
The "shock" in shock probation is
a short period of incarceration before probation
Movement within the "continuum of sanctions" is contingent upon
Performance at each level of sentencing accountability
A variation in shock incarceration is
boot camp
The potential losses to victims and to the system if the offender fails in intermediate sanctions is reflected in the term
Stakes
What is an example of a judicially driven intermediate sanction program
Fines and pre-trial diversions
What kind of condition establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime
Restitution
In general
studies of community service and restitution programs have found them to be extremely vulnerable to, Attacks of conservative politicians, budget cuts, since most are perceived as "extras", the problem of net widening
Early evolutions of intensive supervision reflect
larger number of rules violations are found
What is not associated as an advantage with house arrest detention
It is relatively easy to enforce