corrections-Chapter 9

Many believe that history will define the last years of the 20th century as the beginning of the correctional era of

intermediate sanctions

The inordinate focus on prison as punishment is unwise because

most offenders do not receive a prison sentence

Movement within the "continuum of sanctions" is contingent upon

Performance at each level of sentencing accountability

Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because

they lack self-esteem

A major shift in the working environment of the new corrections professional

Nongovernmental corrections programs, increased emphasis on accountability, and "managing" offenders through the system

What were the results of community corrections legislation in the 1960's and 1970's

Increase in further legislation

According to Clear and Cole

what is essential to the future of intermediate sanctions and community corrections, community acceptance, clarification of goals, overcome the tendency to emphasize incarceration

What groups are affected by the bias that can be present in the selection of intermediate sanctions for offenders

Non-whites and women

The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal. That goal clearly is

Reduce reliance on traditional prison

The California Probation Subsidy Act resulted in

increase in probation spending, lower prison population, policy shifts by local decision makers

Americans have traditionally tended to equate ____ with punishment

Prison

The most common sanction in the U.S.

Probation

Germany imposes what as a sole sanction on 2/3 of its property offenders

Fines

The average probationer in the U.S. has approximately how long for contact with their probations officer per week

15 minutes

A range of correctional management strategies that vary in intrusiveness and control is

Continuum of sanctions

A new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is called

intermediate sanctions

Diverting offenders from state prisons to locally administered correctional programs is the goal of

probation

Some of the concerns about intermediate sanctions include

deciding which agencies will run the programs, how to select appropriate offenders, widening the net (all)

Which of the following is not a type of intermediate sanction

restoration

A major criticism of probation

as traditionally practiced, it is inadequate for a large number of offenders

Home confinement is a period of

incarceration

Home confinement is best suited to

low-risk offenders and offenders with relatively stable residences

The "shock" in shock probation is

a short period of incarceration before probation

Movement within the "continuum of sanctions" is contingent upon

Performance at each level of sentencing accountability

A variation in shock incarceration is

boot camp

The potential losses to victims and to the system if the offender fails in intermediate sanctions is reflected in the term

Stakes

What is an example of a judicially driven intermediate sanction program

Fines and pre-trial diversions

What kind of condition establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime

Restitution

In general

studies of community service and restitution programs have found them to be extremely vulnerable to, Attacks of conservative politicians, budget cuts, since most are perceived as "extras", the problem of net widening

Early evolutions of intensive supervision reflect

larger number of rules violations are found

What is not associated as an advantage with house arrest detention

It is relatively easy to enforce