Structural Determinism
You are a product of your environment
Bureau of Justice Statistics
a major source of criminal justice data
Corrections
Variety of programs, services, facilities and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses
social control
actions and practices, of individuals and institutions, designed to induce conformity with the rules and norms of society
Emile Durkheim
1858-1917. French scholar, known as the "father of sociology", who argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, helping define norms and demonstrating to the public the nature of societal expectations for conformity
System
a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and are influenced by the environment in which they function
Goals of Corrections
fair punishment and community protection.
federalism
a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments
prison
an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies
jail
a facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours. Most jails are administered by county governments; sometimes they are part of the state governement
street level bureaucrats
public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work, granting access to government programs and providing services within them .
people work
central to corrections. Staff must work closely with offenders, use uncertain technologies, engage in exchange relationships, and follow uncertain strategies
technology
a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field
exchange
a mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions
lex talionis
law of retaliation - the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth)
secular law
the law of the civil society, as distinguished from church law
Wergild
man money" - money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood feud.
benefit of clergy
the right to be tried in an ecclesiastical court, where punishments were less severe than those meted out by civil courts, given the religious focus on penance and salvation
galley slavery
forced rowing of large ships or galleys
Early Methods of execution
boiled alive, broken on the wheel, burned internally, flayed alive, hanged, drawn and quaurtered, iron maiden, rack
house of correction
detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poor house, and penal industry by both disciplining inmates and setting them to work
transportation
the practice of transplanting offenders from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony
hulks
abandoned ships that the English converted to hold convicts during a period of prison crowding between 1776 and 1790
corporal punishment
punishment inflicted on the offenders body with whips or other devices that cause pain
enlightenment, or the age of reason
the 1700s in England and France, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, and equality and individualism dominated social and political thinking
classical criminology
a school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others
Cesare Beccaria
italian scholar who applied the rationalist philosophy of the enlightenment to the criminal justice system
utilitarianism
doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted
jeremy bentham
english advocate of utilitarianism in prison management and discipline. Argued for the treatment and reform of prisoners
John Howard
english prison reformer whose book The state of Prisons in England and Wales contributed greatly to the passage of the Penitentiary act of 1779 by the House of Commons
William Penn
English Quaker who arrived in Philadelphia in 1682. Succeeded in getting Pennsylvania to adopt "the Great Law" emphasizing hard labor in a house of correction a punishment for most crimes
penitentiary
an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation.
Benjamin Rush
Physician, patriot, signer of the Declaration of independence, and social reformer, advocated the penitentiary as a replacement for capital and corporal punishment
separate confinement
a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates, with all activities, including craft work, carried on in the cells
Elam Lynds
a former army officer,appointed warden of the newly opened auburn prison in 1821. He developed the congregate system and a regimen of strict discipline. Inmates were known only by their number, wore striped clothing, and moved in lockstep. In 1825 he was
congregate system
a penitentiary system developed in Auburn, New York, in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.
contract labor system
a system under which inmates labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers that provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution.
lease system
a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor. In southern states the prisoners were used as field laborers
enoch cobb wines
a guiding force of US corrections starting in 1862, when he became the secretary of the New York Prison Association and served so until his death. Organizer of the national prison association in 1870 and a major contributor to the cincinnati declaration o
mark system
a system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of marks, based on the severity of their crime, at the time of sentencing. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by reducing marks through labor, good behavior and educational achievem
reformatory
an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole
zebulon brockway
reformer who began his career in penology as a clerk in Connecticuts Wethersfield prison at age 21. In 1854, while superintendent of the Monroe County Penitentiary in Rochester, New York, he began to experiment with ideas on making prisons more rehabilita
positivist school
an approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual be
medical model
a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.
Howard Gill
a prison reformer in the Progressive traditon, designed Massachusetts Norfolk Prison colony ot be a model prison community. Norfolk provided individual treatment programs and included inmates on an advisory council to deal with community governance.
Sanford Bates
The first director of the federal bureau of prisons, advocated prison reform throughout his career. After becoming the president of the American Correctional Association in 1926, he also played an important role in the development of programs in New Jerse
community corrections
a model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system
crime control model of corrections
a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision
recidivism
the return to crime by prison alumni
secondary crime
drug addicts need to steal to pay for drugs, prostitutes need for a pimp because police protection is unavailable and so on. System fails in the fight against crime while making it look as if crime is the work of the poor
Pyrrhic defeat theory
military victory purchased at such a cost in troops and treasure that it amounts to a defeat. People in power get rewarded for the failure of a system.
contributions to crime
poverty (highly correlated), prison, guns, drugs
Deterrence
keeps people from crime. It must be certain, swift, and have severe punishment
hedonistic calculus
playing to hedonism, pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. How much punishment would be necessary for the person to calculate the risk is not worth the reward (cost-reward)
Correction Eras, Correctional Model
Colonial, Penitentiary, reformatory, progressive, medical, community, crime control
Colonial
1600s-1790s. Has anglican code, capital and corporal punishment, fines. Religious law doctrine of predestination
penitentiary
1790s-1870s. Separate confinement. reform of individual. Power of isolation and labor. Penance. disciplined routine punishment according to severity of crime. Englightenment. Declaration of independence. Human perfectability and powers of reason. religiou
Reformatory
1870s-1890s. Indeterminate sentences. parole. classification by degree of individual reform. rehabilitative programs. separate treatment for juveniles. NPA. declaration of principles. crime as moral disease
progressive
1890s-1930s. Individual case approach. administrative discretion. broader probation and parole. Juvenile courts. The age of Reform. Positivist school. punishment according to the needs of offender. Focus on the offender. crime as an urban, immigrant ghett
medical
1930s-1960s. rehabilitation as primary focus of incarceration. Psychological testing and classification. various types of treatment programs and institutions. Biomedical science. psychiatry and psychology. Social work practice. crime as a signal of person
community
1960s-1970s. reintegration into community. avoidance of incarceration. vocational and educational programs. Civil rights movement. critique of prisons. small is better
crime control
1970s-present. determinate sentences. mandatory sentences. sentencing guidelines. risk management. crime control. rising crime rates. political shift to the right. new punitive agenda.