The goal of rehabilitation is oriented slowly toward the ____ and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity if the crime
Offender
According to clear, cole, and reisig,___ is the most visible penalty imposed by the criminal justice system
Imprisonment
Experts usually cite ___ as reasons wrongful convictions occur
All of these
Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and ___ in the community
Supervision
The most notable used sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the
Minnesota sentencing guidelines
___ assets that a person who has infringed the rights if others deserves to be penalized or punished.
Retribution
According to the concept of ___ offenders are returned to society once they are cured.
Rehabilitation
Punishments less sever than prison, but more restrictive than traditional probation are
Intermediate sanctions
Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following
Victim and community
Ideas of the enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by
Forces in the environment
During the 19th century American society became increasingly
Heterogeneous
According to the author, in a retributive justice model those who commit a particular crime should be punished
Alike
During the progressive reform era, 2 main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and
rehabilitating individual offenders
In the booker decision, the justices said that sentencing guidelines are
Discretionary
In the convict lease system, prisoners are
Used for labor by private interests
The medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through implementation in the
1930s
Wergild developed as
A system of compensation
The ___ was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth
Workhouse
Corrections has a ___ relationship with it's environment
Reciprocal
The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called
Utilitarianism
For the purpose if deterrence, which principles did beccaria believe were most important
Both swiftness and certainty
The following is an example of corporal punishment
Whipping
The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as
Transportation
Legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today emerged in the
1200/
By the 1900s punishments were carried out under the supervision of
Correctional staff
Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles
All of these
___ was a leader of reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment
Jeremy Bentham
The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was
The church
Benefit of clergy was extended to
All literate persons
During the age of reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following
All of these
The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as
Secular law
The term wergild focuses one which of the following
Money paid to relatives or victims of a crime
The leading of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the
South
The penitentiary was to be a place where
All of these
An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each tiger so that they could reflect in their pat misdeeds repent and undergo reformation is the
Penitentiary
Which concept holds that human behavior is governed but the individuals calculation of the benefits versus the cost of ones acts
Utilitarianism
Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as
General deterrence
According to community based corrections the goal of the criminal justice system is to
Reintegrate the offender
With the ride of the medical model the emphasis in corrections shifted to
The treatment and diagnosis of criminals
Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society usually by detention is prison is
Incapacitation
The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was
Both crime control and exhibition of the sovereigns power
Approximately ___ of all people under correctional supervisor are living the the community on probation or parole
2/3
___ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field
Technology
As systems grow and mature they become
More complex
Counting jails and prisons approximately how many citizens adore incarcerated
2.3 million
Systems learn grown and improve according to what
Feedback
Which system of government divided power between federal and state governments
Federalism
Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved In this particular career field is based on their desire to
Help people
Corrections can be seen as a serious of
Both process and agencies
One result of funding squabbles is that organizational turf is
Disputed
The ___ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training a mark system of classification indeterminate sentences and parole
Reformatory
Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is
Sentencing disparity
The concept of good time is proved to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on
Vocational programs
Clear, cole, and reisig, divide some of the controversies issues and themes that arise in the study of corrections into 2 main areas
Managing the correctional organizations and working with offenders
Organizations develop ___ do keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses the the staff
All of these
Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become
All of these
The country that have the world it's 1st penitentiary is
The United States
In New England the puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles
Religious
Between 1790 and 1830 the population in urban America had
Sharply increased
The ___ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates
Separate confinement systems
What is the central purpose of punishment
To carry out the criminal sentence e
Corrections ideally serves what goal
Both protection and punishment
When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the us are under come form
Of correctional control
More than 3 percent
The effectiveness of correctional strategies is
Uncertain
The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that
The crime rate with remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods