What is the current rate of imprisonment?
It went from 139 to 502
What state has the highest incarceration rate?
Louisiana
What state has the lowest incarceration rate?
Maine
What does the classical school of criminology teach?
Crime is an injury to society, purpose of punishment is prevention of crime, deterrence of crime is more important than punishment, man has the free will to choose to commit crime,
What does the Positive School of criminology say?
individuals sometimes commit acts beyond their control, criminals are born that way, some criminals are insane,
What does the neoclassical school of criminology state?
nobody has complete free will, but one is still the author of their own actions.
Cesare Lombroso
Italian physician who founded the positive school. Conducted research on links between criminality & physical traits.
Cesare Beccaria
Father of classical school of criminology, revolutionized thinking re-role of law, punishment, and operation of criminial justice system
Jeremy Bentham
built on Beccaria's principles, founder of panopticon prison design (circular building with glass roof
William Penn
Quaker govenor of Pennsylvania, advocated for abolition of capital punishment for all crimes other than homicide, wanted imprisonment at hard labor instead of bloody corporal punishments, free food and lodging to inmates, replacement of stocks and pillories w/houses of detention
John Howard
Penal reformer, country squire, social activist, drafted penitentiary act of 1779
Penitentiary Act of 1779
emphasized penance as the purpose of punishment, 4 principles: secure & sanitary structure, systematic inspection, abolition of prisoner fees for services & release, reformatory regimen. Features: solitary cells at night, hard labor in common rooms by day, religious instruction/ reflection
What was transportation?
The same thing as modern day deportation, started in England and was used throughout the 17th and 18th centuries to send undesirables to the new Americas
What were the pillories and stocks?
Pillories= wooden frames with hole for offenders' hands and head. Offenders had to stand while their heads and hands were secured.
Stocks=similar to pillories but allowed the offenders to sit while their hands, head, and feet were all secured
What was branding?
popular way to punish prisoners by burning a letter into certain parts of their bodies.
What was a brank?
a birdcage like object that went over the heads of offenders complete with a sharpened shaft with barbs placed into their mouths.
What was the reformatory era? When was it?
1870-1910; reformation with expanded educational & vocational programs. Rewards for good behavior. Focus was on the offender's future
What was the Industrial Prison Era? When was it?
1910-1935; a time when the # of inmates grew 170% resulting in building huge prison structures. Inmate labor and production was the focus so the prison would be economically self-supporting
What was the period of transition? When was it?
1935-1960; Enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, excessive size and overcrowding led to prisoner discontent. Between 1950-1966 more than 100 riots broke out
What is the rehabilitation era? When was it?
1960-1980; offenders were thought to be sick with problems which caused thier criminality. Rehab programs were the focus to help offenders become "cured" and reintegration was added to rehab with expansion of community correctional programs, halfway houses, and special parole programs.
What was the retributive era? When was it?
1980s-1990s; "get tough" on crime period, isolated offenders from society and had them serve "hard time" focus was on protecting the public and preventing crime.
What is considered to be the first penitentiary or prison in the U.S?
The Walnut Street Jail
How were the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems different from each other?
The Pennsylvania system inmates couldn't talk to each other or have any form of communication period. The Auburn system allowed inmates to communicate by day for work purposes but had to be separate and silent at all other times.
What were the problems with the Pennsylvania system?
Difficult to keep inmates from communicating, expensive to operate, limited inmate productivity, solitude caused mental illness
What were the positive aspects of the Auburn System?
they were cheaper to build, there was a production of goods that made for more income for the state, and fewer inmates showed mental health issues.
What type of system was the Eastern State Penitentiary?
Pennsylvania system
What type of system was Sing Sing prison?
Auburn system
What was robert martinson's final review of correctional programs?
nothing works" in response to there is no proof that any single treatment program significantly reduced recidivism
penal code
A legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime
hedonistic calculus
the idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain and that individuals are constantly calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions
atavism
the existence of features common in the early stages of human evolution; implied the idea that criminal behavior is predetermined
What is the medical model of corrections?
a theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality, and needed to be diagnosed and treated, and that rehabilitative programs would resolve offenders' problems and prepare them for release into the community able to be productive and crime free
hands off" doctrine
an avoidance by the US Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
recidivism
the state of relapse that occurs when offenders complete their criminal punishment and then continue to commit crimes
restitution
acts by which criminals make right or repay society or their victims for their wrongs
test of proportionality
the result of the 1983 case of Solem v. Helm; a test used to guide sentencing based on the gravity of the offense and consistency of the severity of punishment
Define the Penitentiary Act of 1779
an act that has requirements of diet, uniforms, and hygiene for prisoners
What are the four requirements of the Penitentiary Act of 1779?
secure and sanitary structures, systematic inspections, abolition of fees charged to inmates, and a reformatory regime in which inmates were confined in solitary cells but worked in common rooms during the day.
Define a jail
locally operated correctional facilites that confine persons before or after adjudication
What are the varied roles of a jail?
they hold individuals pending arraignment and waiting trial, conviction, or sentencing; probation, parole, and bail bond violators and absconders; juveniles, pending transfer to juvenile authorities; mentally ill people, pending their movement to appropriate mental health facilities; individuals held for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses; inmates pending transfer to federal, state, or other criminal justice authorities; inmates held for federal, state, or other authorities because of crowding of their facilities; offenders assigned to community based programs, such as day reporting, home detention, or electronic monitoring; inmates sentenced to short terms (generally less than one year)
First Generation Jail Design
Linear, Intermittent Surveillance; Layout is long hallways extending from guard's station. Little space for recreation or programs. Inmates remain in cells; food mail and services delivered. Labor intensive for COs.Little if any communication between Cos and inmates.
Second Generation jails
Podular, Remote Supervision; Podular layout, continuous surveillance of cells and dayroom by COs from secure glass-enclosed booth. Little if any communication/contact with inmates, use of intercom and electronic controls to open/close cell doors
New Generation Jails
Popular, COs in direct contact w/inmates, immediate & continuous visual observation, unrestricted ability to communicate with inmates. Research findings show less violence, less property destruction and safer for staff. Used in most of the newer jails.
In rural counties, whose responsibility is jail management?
the sheriff
What are some reasons for the significant increase in the number of jail inmates from 2000-2008?
1) "tough on crime" mentality makes judges less likely to release prisoners on bail
2)Overcrowding of state and federal prisons led to inmates being held in jail waiting transfer
3)Increase of short sentencing (1/2 of the sentence served in jail other 1/2 is served on probation)
What is the average length of stay in jail?
15-20 days
What # of jail inmates were held for state or federal jurisdiction?
703,798
What was the jail incarceration rate in 2010?
242
What types of programs are offered in most jails?
education, substance abuse counseling, or work
How have U.S jails managed to stay ahead of the increasing jail population?
they built new jails
What is objective jail classification?
statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates
What are the uses for the objective jail classification system?
They provide a guide for separating violent predatory inmates from potential inmate victims; they provide a guide for identifying and managing inmates with special needs; they provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape.
What is a "private jail"?
any correctional facility operated by a nongovernmental agencyand usually in a for profit manner that contractwith a governmental entity to provide security, housing, and programs for offenders
What are the key ways to prevent suicide in jails with inmates?
training of both correctional and mental health staff, intake screening and assessment, communication, housing, levels of observation provided to suicidal inmates, intervention in a suicide attempt, reporting, morbidity and mortality review process.
Of the total # of inmate deaths, what was the largest % attributed to?
illness or natural causes, 42%
Bell v. Wolfish
US Supreme Court established the "punitive intent standard to evaluate the constitutionality of conditions for pretrial detainees.
Gaol
an early English term for a jail
lock up
refers to a small jail with only a few cells and no accommodations for food services medical care or recreation
regional jail
a jail that serves more than one county and is overseen by a regional jail commission
What is a mission?
a statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish, or its basic purposes, to includegeneral outcomes that it is committed to achieving
most prisons have a dual purpose mission statement, why?
prisons need to be safe and secure which means protecting staff and inmates and they provide programs that assist in the management of prisons by keeping inmates busy and preparing them for life outside of prison
Who appoints the Director of Bureau of Prisons?
the US Attorney General
Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons ?
Sanford Bates
Who is the current director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?
Charles E. Samuels. Jr
Who appoints the Secretary or Director of the state prison?
The governor
Rhodes v. Chapman
a 1981 US Supreme Court decision that overcrowded conditions resulting in two inmates housed in cells designed for one person was not a violation of the Eighth Amendment right of protection from cruel and unusual punishment
New penology
an emphasis on the raional and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations
Which component of the CJ system (police, courts, and corrections) had the most increase in direct expenditures between 1982-2006?
corrections
How many prisons are operated by the BOP? How many are operated by the states?
117-BOP
over 1,250-States
Three Penitentiary Act of 1891
the 1891 act of Congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
the act of Congress that abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders
What is the most common organizational model for the state correctional system?
first model, governor appoints corrections director, they report back to the governor.
What type of offender was responsible for the largest growth in state prison inmates and in federal prison inmates
Violent offenders
During 2010 which two states had the largest numerical decline in prison populations?
California and Georgia
Warden Joseph E. Ragen
9th grade education, ran highly authoritarian prison "tight ship" and punihsed staff and inmates severely, maintained a clean orderly prison with few escapes, no riots.
George Beto
employed the management stype of "walking around" always was visiting another jail
Richard A McGee
First director of California Department of Corrections,Divided large prisons into smaller, autonomous units, established dairies and farms at each prison. His tenure called the "golden age of research
What are some issues with private correctional facilities?
they run more like a for profit business than a prison and most are very small can't hold many inmates
Brig
a military term meaning correctional facility
ICE
immigration and customs enforcement, formerly the US immigration and Naturalization Service, responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country
Territorial prison
the 5 US territories and commonwealths operate correctional facilities that serve as prisons and jail for their jurisdictions
Which state has the largest # of inmates
Texas, 173,649
Identify the organizational entities that often reside in the office of the director
public and media affairs, legislative liaison legal advisors, and internal affairs
who is the director?
the chief executive officer of a state or federal department of corrections
Describe the three general categories that the legal section of a correctional agency deals with
1) responding to inmate lawsuits 2)reviewing policy for legal impact, 3) giving general advice regarding implementation of programs in line with past legal decisions.
What does an inspector do?
a person in a department of corrections usually internal affairs who investigates allegations by inmates against staff
What are the two major functions of the administrative section of a correctional agency
budget development and accounting and new prison constructions
What does the human resources department do?
they carry out the personal functions of recruitment, hiring, evaluations, and retirement
Although they vary by state, what are the community service functions of a correctional agency?
usually they are responsible for inspecting jails and making sure that everything is up to date and up to standard.
Describe the field operations functions of the central office of a correctional agency
they supervise wardens and general operations.
What is the average salary and tenure of a Director of an adult correctional agency
106,893 and 4.4 years
What does the largest component, custody and security or correctional services, encompass
includes all secuirty functions in prison including duties of security staff, inmate transportation and inmate disciplinary process
Identify the rank structure of correctional staff
correctional officer, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, and major
List the components of the treatment or programs department in a prison
educational, vocational training, recreation, mental health programs, religious services, and substance abuse or recovery services.
Describe the services function that deal with staff or facility issues and those that provide services to inmates.
they provide things like food, health services, work programs, commissary, and laundry operations to the inmates
Unit management
organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population while making staff more accessible to inmates
Identify the four conditions necessary for prison policies and procedure "to effectively contribute to the overall prison mission
1. policies must be consistent with professional standards and be written and authorized by the prison administration
2.policies and procedures must be clearly communicated to staff and inmates
3.procedures must always be carried out
4.procedures must always be in consistent implementation in a quality fashion.
What is the relationship of the American Correctional Association (ACA) to prison policies and procedures?
its the largest professional orgaization for corrections in the US
what is a policy audit?
a review to ascertain whether broad agency policy is in place at the prison
what is policy implementation audit?
a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff members in their daily duties
what is an ACA accreditation?
a process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards
what is an object classification system?
defining if a prison is high security, low security etx etc
what is an interanl classification system?
instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison
What is a reclassification review
it is when an inmates behavior is taken into account for the possibility of a change in prisons or a shorter sentence
Define an inmate disciplinary system
a policy that clearly prescribes the process required to find that an inmate committed a proscribed act and identifies allowable punishments for each act a key to controlling inmate behavior.
Define collective bargaining
the formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues
what are the purposes of collective bargaining?
1. to establish and protect employees' rights
2.to improve working conditions and benefits
3.to establish and maintain more harmonious employer-employee relationships
4.to establish a participative role for employees in management decisions that affect emplyees
do all states authorize collective bargaining for its COs?
no but more than 1/2 do
employee awards programs
a program to recognize and reward staff members who perform beyond their expected level
integrity interview
interviews of candidates for correctional employment used to determine if candidates have issues or conditions that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept a bribe to show favored treatment to an inmate
seniority
the use of the length of employment to determine an employee's assignment, days off, other job-related functions
What is an open prison system?
prison systems that have frequent interactions between the organization and other groups in order to obtain resourcs gain support and accomplish goals
What is a closed prison system?
prison systems that consist of only the internal environment, under the direct control of the warden and without much interest or any intereference form external groups
what are the management principles of chain of command?
vertical order through which staff receive directives from person immediately above them and directives are passed to person immediately below
unity of command
subordinate should report to only one supervisor
Span of Control
Supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited # of subordinates
Characterize the role of the modern prison warden
they manage resources, are a role model for staff and a juggler of priorities, they balance custody and treatment, is firm but fair and knows how to manage the environment external to the prison as well as that with in
what is the era of the "bureaucratic warden"?
they develop the mission statement for the organization, they coordinate the budget process, strategic evaluation and emergency planning, management of daily activites, management of labor relations, formulation of policy, and supervision and professional development of staff
Management culture
a culture based on the way prison leadership deals and communicates with subordinate staff; it falls into a continuum between autocratic and empowered
relationship culture
a culture based on how staff members view and communicate with inamtes; it falls into a continuum between authoritarian and reasoned
CO job assignments
supervision of living units, work detail supervisor, industrial shop and school officer, Yard officer-patrol and oversight of yard or compound, Administrative building assignment, perimeter security-armed tower posts or mobile patrols, relief officer-fills in for off dut
What are disadvantages of being a CO?
long hours, "dead end" job, low pay, potentially dangerous, conflicting roles, low public image, stressful, high turnover, low entry requirements
what are the advantages of being a CO?
job security, limited alternative, easy to supplement with overtime or part-time, "growth" industry, low entry requirements.
What are some ways to improve the recruitment and retention of COs
positively changing the culture of the organizations
What is the role of the professional staff in prison
prison or jail staff members in a specialty area that requires distinctive training and education and may also requirea professional certification to deliver a program
What components constitute the Services Department in prison?
prison industries, facility maintenance, safety and sanitation, staff training and development, business administration, human resources, health services, food services
What did the amendment in 1972 of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplish?
it opened the door for women to work in corrections with men
Define a Bona Fide Occupational qualification (BFOQ).
a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the noraml operation of that particular business or enterprise that may allow for some discriminatory practices to occur.
How does the BFOQ affect the hire and deployment of female COs?
it made it harder for women to work in corrections due to the possibility of risk of security and lack of privacy for inmates
What does the research show concerning the differences in the job performance of male and female COs?
there was little to no preferance in male or female COs
Describe the sources of stress for female COs experience working in prisons for men
sterotypes and the male inmates think they can manipulate female COs
Dothard v Rawlinson
a 1977 US supreme court case regarding a woman who was denied a position as a correctional officer in an Alabama male prison. The court ruled that a BFOQ against women correctional officers was allowable because of the deplorable conditions of the Alabama prisons and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as inmates
Gunther v Iowa
a 1979 case in the US District Court of Iowa in which the court determined that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse to hire women as correctional officers; the Gunther decision eliminated the major support used for the BFOQ by states in not hiring female correctional officers
Scientific Management Theory
management was just science with work activities that were precisely designed and structured. Frederick Taylor founded this theory; also known as the "principles of scientific management; structural perspective
Classical Management Theory
Henri Fayol said that the division of work in which the employer became specialized and skilled in the same task was essential to good working order, believed in discipline; structural perspective
Weber's Bureaucracy
Max Weber believed in a more mechanistic form of organization bureaucracy was needed for order and rationality because of technological advancement in society; structural perspective
Barnard's Leadership Theory
Chester Barnard believed in two forms of structure, the formal and the informal, introduced the concept of leadership as a form of communication among workers; structural perspective
The Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo asserted that the rapid pace of industrial development in the early 1900s disregarded social needs, participation, and interactions among employees. Mayo is the father of the human relations movement because of his focus on human behavior; Behavioral Perspective
Theory X and Theory Y
McGregor states that the role of management was to create conditions such that members at all levels could best achieve by directing their efforts to overall goals. Behavioral Perspective
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Herzberg, Mausner, and Synderman all researchers interviewed more than 200 accountant and engineers regarding positive and negative incidents in their work experience. Herzberg then concluded that there are two motivators in life "motivating factors" and "hygiene factors"; Behavioral Perspective
Decision Theory
focused on the choices that occur before action is taken and on the processes of decision making by administrators. Herbert Simon believed that administration is equal to decision making; Behavioral Perspective
Etzioni's Structuralist Model
Etzioni combined the structural and motivational theories and described there being three types of leadership, coercive, remunerative, and normative power; behavioral perspective
Systems Theory
traditional organization theory tended to view the organization as a "closed system" isolated and unaffected by structure, processes, and organizations external to itself. Ignores the environmental influences; integrative perspective
Contingency Theory
Fiedler developed a theory of organizational leadership referred to as the contingency model. Effective leadership depends on the nature of the situation. Organizations should engineer the job to fit the manager. Three features of any situation that make an effective leader, leader-member relations, task structure, and position power; integrative perspective
Symbolic Organization Theory
organization is seen as a system of shared symbols and meanings, focuses attention on deeper structures of an organization; cognitive perspective
The transformational perspective
deals with organizational change, everything is constantly changing for the well being of the organization
Unitary Cultural Model
Notion of singular, monolithic, custodial subculture among COs, Subcultural members share unique values of toughness, anti-inmate sentiments, norms of how to "handle" inmates and how to run their cellblocks, Subcultural members feel isolated from supervisory personnel and alone in everyday management of inmates
Limitations of Unitary Cultural View
unitary subculture concept neglects/masks variability among COs and other prison groups, were common beliefs are identified, they are often opposite those predicted in subculture model, COs are neither homogenous nor different enough from other workers to view as one subculture, application of subculture concept offers only an uncomplimentary stereotype for analyzing personnel issues.
Three Cultures Model
Top command, middle management, line officers COs
Custodian CO type
male, primarily custodial relies on coercion to maintain order and control at work, keeps a distance from inmates negative attitude acts hard and tough, has a tough fa�ade to fit with other officers and thinks they share the same views
Human Service Officer
male, tries to enrich job-providing services relies on people skills, increased interaction with inmates professional consistent, fair, likes coworkers, but disagrees with behavior and attitude towards inmates.
Burnout
male, unable to cope with realities of job relies on withdrawl, negative attitude towards inmates, negative attitude toward coworkers
Functionary
male, pay and job security are motivations and just goes through the motions, limited interactions with inmates, same with coworkers
Institutional Role
female, strictly enforces the rules and regulations tries to be an equal with the men, keeps distance from inmates doesn't hold a negative attitude toward them uses physical force when needed, professional towards coworkers, wont ask for help if needed
Modified Role
female, believes women cannot perform the job of men because of gender difference, fears working with inmates, relies on male COs for protections and support
Inventive Role
female, more flexible approach to rule enforcement, may over look minor violations, views female status as an advantage to communicate with inmates, relationships with male coworkers tend to be negative
What are the two key dimensions of an integrated model of correctional culture
By recognizing that there are many cultures within correctional organizations and recognizing that the environment is critical to a leader's success or failure
Why is the top command the "most important culture" in a prison
These administrators are most subject to environmental influences and they are the people who set the moral tone of the organization.
How do COs establish and express authority
exchange or negotiation
What does the research show regarding officer orientation and relations with inmates?
Older, more experienced COs generally have more pos. attitudes toward inmates, no significant association between gender and officer's attitude, black COs have a more positive outlook on inmates and their rehab potential
Role conflict
conflict between worker's expectations and job demands, dual emphasis is on custody and rehabilitation
Role Ambiguity
discrepancy in information for workers on what's required for adequate job performance
Job Stress
physiological psychological and social effects resulting from work conditions or environment
Types of Job Stress
short term acute stress, stress of a time bound event, long term chronic stress
Describe the personal and organizational costs of correctional officer stress
greater use of sick leave and number of stress related illnesses, migraines, high blood pressure, heart attacks and gastrointestinal disorders among COs than other state workers, more than 1/3 of COs were affected by irritability, frequent colds, excessive eating, or loss of appetite, difficulty going or staying asleep and tenseness.
The average turnover rate for COs is 16-17%. What are some of the predictors of this turnover?
it seems like high turnover is normal for corrections officers
Describe factors of a turnover
black COs hold more negative views of supervisors and quit their jobs due to conflicts with predominantly white managers, lack of autonomy/authority perceived lack of variety of tasks and little input into org. policies, no formal reward system for more proficient employees, employee utilization, little opportunity to use skills